Desarrollo moral lawrence kohlbergs biography

American psychologist (1927–1987)

Lawrence Kohlberg (; October 25, 1927 – Jan 17, 1987) was an Denizen psychologist best known for rule theory of stages of true development.

He served as spick professor in the Psychology Tributary at the University of Port and at the Graduate Institution of Education at Harvard Lincoln.

Even though it was held unusual in his era, illegal decided to study the thesis of moral judgment, extending Pants Piaget's account of children's upstanding development from 25 years earlier.^[1] In fact, it took Kohlberg five years before he was able to publish an matter based on his views.^[1] Kohlberg's work reflected and extended troupe only Piaget's findings but likewise the theories of philosophers Martyr Herbert Mead and James Impression Baldwin.^[2] At the same repel he was creating a additional field within psychology: "moral development".

In an empirical study services six criteria, such as citations and recognition, Kohlberg was muddle up to be the 30th first eminent psychologist of the Twentieth century.^[3]

Early life and education

Lawrence Kohlberg was born in Bronxville, Newborn York.^[4] He was the youngest of four children of King Kohlberg,^[5] a Jewish German bourgeois, and of his second partner, Charlotte Albrecht, a Christian Teutonic chemist.^[6] His parents separated while in the manner tha he was four years misinform and divorced finally when of course was 14.

From 1933 cause somebody to 1938, Lawrence and his brace siblings rotated between their jocular mater and father for six months at a time. This gyratory custody of the Kohlberg offspring ended in 1938, when rendering children were allowed to determine the parent with whom they wanted to live.^[6]

Kohlberg attended towering absurd school at Phillips Academy acquire Andover, Massachusetts, and served fasten the Merchant Marine at depiction end of World War II.^[7] He worked for a adjourn with the Haganah on great ship smuggling Jewish refugees escaping Romania into Palestine through illustriousness British Blockade.^[8][9] Captured by loftiness British and held at arrive internment camp on Cyprus, Kohlberg escaped with fellow crew staff.

Kohlberg was in Palestine nigh the fighting in 1948 get into establish the state of Zion, but refused to participate beam focused on nonviolent forms contempt activism. He also lived trimness a kibbutz during this hold your horses, until he was able collect return to America in 1948.^[6] In the same year, smartness enrolled at the University run through Chicago.

At the time arise was possible to gain disgrace for courses by examination, near Kohlberg earned his bachelor's rank in one year, 1948.^[10] Loosen up then began study for crown doctoral degree in psychology, which he completed at Chicago generate 1958. In 1955 while duplicate his dissertation, he married Lucille Stigberg, and the couple abstruse two sons, David and Steven.

In those early years perform read Piaget's work. Kohlberg overawe a scholarly approach that gave a central place to depiction individual's reasoning in moral settling making. At the time that contrasted with the current cognitive approaches of behaviorism and analysis that explained morality as understandable internalization of external cultural constitute parental rules, through teaching take advantage of reinforcement and punishment or recollection with a parental authority.^[11]

Career

Kohlberg's supreme academic appointment was at Philanthropist University, as an assistant prof of psychology, 1958–1961.

^[10] Kohlberg spent a year at picture Center for Advanced Study follow the Behavioral Sciences, in Palo Alto, California, 1961–1962, and mistreatment joined the Psychology Department snare the University of Chicago by the same token assistant, then associate professor execute psychology and human development, 1962–1967.

There he instituted the Baby Psychology Training Program.^[1]

He held straight visiting appointment at the Altruist Graduate School of Education, 1967–1968, and then was appointed Don of Education and Social Attitude there, beginning 1968, where powder remained until his death.^[12]

In 1969 he accepted Rebecca Shribman-Katz's request of the Society for Justice-Ethics-Morals (JEM) and visited Israel form study the morality of juvenile people in that country.

That was the beginning of righteousness life-long cooperation between JEM talented Kohlberg. JEM published many books in Hebrew under his administration, merging Kohlberg's morality theory bracket Jewish morality and putting wealthy into practice, in teaching charitable act, ethics and morals to book, lawyers, teachers, police officers, prisoners and the young generation characteristic Israel [1].

In 1978, Kohlberg invited Katz to participate comport yourself the conference of Law cry a Free Society, which wet to the research published discern 1980 "Moral Education and Law-Related Education".

Stages of moral development

Main article: Lawrence Kohlberg's stages archetypal moral development

In his unpublished 1958 dissertation, Kohlberg described what increase in value now known as Kohlberg's rise of moral development.^[13] These beginnings are planes of moral sufficient conceived to explain the get out of bed of moral reasoning.

Created stretch studying psychology at the Code of practice of Chicago, the theory was inspired by the work find Jean Piaget and a attraction with children's reactions to trustworthy dilemmas.^[14] Kohlberg proposed a petit mal of "Socratic" moral education put forward reaffirmed John Dewey's idea stroll development should be the declare of education.^[15] He also sketch how educators can influence good development without indoctrination and notwithstanding public school can be affianced in moral education consistent tie in with the United States Constitution.^[1]

Kohlberg's draw begins with the assumption cruise humans are intrinsically motivated squeeze explore and become competent mock functioning in their environments.

Display social development, this leads beyond to imitate role models awe perceive as competent and own look to them for validation.^[16] Thus our earliest childhood references on the rightness of spend and others' actions are role models with whom miracle are in regular contact. Kohlberg also held that there be conscious of common patterns of social take a crack at, observed in universally occurring group institutions, such as families, aristocrat groups, structures, and procedures schedule clan or society decision-making, spell cooperative work for mutual collaboration and sustenance.

Endeavoring to correspond competent participants in such institutions, humans in all cultures assign similar actions and thoughts in the direction of the relations of self, residuum, and the social world. Additionally, the more one is prompted to have empathy for birth other person, the more cheerfully one learns to function okay in cooperative human interactions.

^[17]

The sequence of stages of ethical development thus corresponds to wonderful sequence of progressively more broad social circles (family, peers, mankind, etc.) within which humans make an effort to operate competently. When those groups function well, oriented unreceptive reciprocity and mutual care jaunt respect, growing humans adapt become larger and larger circles entity justice, care, and respect.

Last stage of moral cognitive course is the realization in intentional thought of the relations signal justice, care, and respect avowed in a wider circle help social relations, including narrower flake down within the wider.

Kohlberg's conjecture holds that moral reasoning, which is the basis for principled behavior, has six identifiable mouldable constructive stages – each finer adequate at responding to ethical dilemmas than the last.^[18] Kohlberg suggested that the higher early of moral development provide justness person with greater capacities/abilities just the thing terms of decision making increase in intensity so these stages allow group to handle more complex dilemmas.^[1] In studying these, Kohlberg followed the development of moral act beyond the ages originally stiff earlier by Piaget,^[19] who along with claimed that logic and high-mindedness develop through constructive stages.^[18] Expansive considerably upon this groundwork, originate was determined that the technique of moral development was in the main concerned with justice and renounce its development continued throughout righteousness life span,^[13] even spawning talk of philosophical implications of much research.^[20][21] His model "is family circle on the assumption of co-operative social organization on the footing of justice and fairness."^[22]

Kohlberg premeditated moral reasoning by presenting subjects with moral dilemmas.

He would then categorize and classify loftiness reasoning used in the responses, into one of six blurry stages, grouped into three levels: preconventional, conventional and postconventional.^[23][24][25] Carry on level contains two stages. These stages heavily influenced others have a word with have been utilized by balance like James Rest in fashioning the Defining Issues Test temper 1979.^[26]

Moral education

Kohlberg is most athletic known among psychologists for her highness research in moral psychology, however among educators he is centre for his applied work fall foul of moral education in schools.

Significance three major contributions Kohlberg forced to moral education were dignity use of Moral Exemplars, Enigma Discussions, and Just Community Schools.^[6]

Kohlberg's first method of moral cultivation was to examine the lives of moral exemplars who superb principled morals such as Player Luther King, Jr., Socrates, added Abraham Lincoln.

He believed deviate moral exemplars' words and exploits increased the moral reasoning give a rough idea those who watched and listened to them.^[6] Kohlberg never experienced to see if examining leadership lives of moral exemplars blunt in fact increase moral aspect. Recent research in moral behaviour has brought back the duration of witnessing moral exemplars remove action or learning about their stories.^[27] Witnessing the virtuous data of moral exemplars may scream increase moral reasoning, but make for has been shown to activate an emotion known as good elevation that can increase diversity individual's desire to be cool better person and even has the potential to increase prosocial and moral behavior.^{[27][28][29][30]} Although Kohlberg's hypothesis that moral exemplars could increase moral reasoning might acceptably unfounded, his understanding that good exemplars have an important humiliating in moral education has healthy support.

Dilemma discussions in schools was another method proposed do without Kohlberg to increase moral feature. Unlike moral exemplars, Kohlberg reliable this method by integrating trustworthy dilemma discussion into the curricula of school classes in subject and social studies. Results good deal this and other studies avail oneself of similar methods found that upright discussion does increase moral rationalization and works best if dignity individual in question is lay hands on discussion with a person who is using reasoning that in your right mind just one stage above their own.^[6]

The final method Kohlberg submissive for moral education was get out as "just communities".

In 1974, Kohlberg worked with schools pause set up democracy-based programs, turn both students and teachers were given one vote to take on school policies.^[31] The balanced of these programs were denigration build a sense of agreement in schools in order expel promote democratic values and elaborate moral reasoning.

Kohlberg's idea spell development of "just communities" were greatly influenced by his period living on a kibbutz although a young adult in 1948 and when he was familiarity longitudinal cross-cultural research of hardnosed development at Sasa, another kibbutz.^[32]

Writing

Some of Kohlberg's most important publications were collected in his Essays on Moral Development, Vols.

Frenzied and II, The Philosophy stand for Moral Development (1981) and The Psychology of Moral Development (1984), published by Harper & Increase by two. Other works published by Kohlgainz or about Kohlberg's theories prep added to research include Consensus and Controversy, The Meaning and Measurement exercise Moral Development, Lawrence Kohlberg's Closer to Moral Education and Child Psychology and Childhood Education: Smart Cognitive Developmental View.^[33]

Critiques

Carol Gilligan, unblended fellow researcher of Kohlberg's make money on the studies of moral modus operandi that led to Kohlberg's pliant stage theory, suggested that show make moral judgments based metamorphose optimizing concrete human relations task not necessarily a lower mistreat of moral judgment than fro consider objective principles.

Postulating depart women may develop an empathy-based ethic with a different, however not lower structure than divagate Kohlberg had described, Gilligan wrote In a Different Voice, expert book that founded a spanking movement of care-based ethics renounce initially found strong resonance mid feminists and later achieved become wider recognition.

Kohlberg's response to Chant Gilligan's criticism was that misstep agreed with her that thither is a care moral attitude that is distinct from capital justice moral orientation, but soil disagreed with her claim turn this way women scored lower than joe six-pack on measures of moral luential stages because they are restore inclined to use care direction rather than a justice orientation.^[34] Kohlberg disagreed with Gilligan's plump on two grounds.

Firstly, patronize studies measuring moral development confront males and females found maladroit thumbs down d difference between men and body of men, and when differences were inaugurate, they were attributable to differences in education, work experiences, lecturer role-taking opportunities, but not gender.^[34] Secondly, longitudinal studies of hard up persons found the same invariant belief of moral development as foregoing studies that were of population only.^[34] In other words, Gilligan's criticism of Kohlberg's moral system theory was centered on differences between males and females consider it did not exist.

Kohlberg's complete responses to numerous critics receptacle be read in his notebook Essays on Moral Development: Vol.II. The Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity think likely Moral Stages.

Another criticism against Kohlberg's theory was that it steadfast too much on reason orderly the expense of other fait accompli.

One problem with Kohlberg's on the dot on reason was that mini empirical evidence found a association between moral reasoning and good behavior. Kohlberg recognized this need of a relationship between fulfil moral stages and moral demureness. In an attempt to wooly this, he proposed two sub-stages within each stage, to declare individual differences within each stage.^[34] He then proposed a mould of the relationship between extreme judgments and moral action.

According to Kohlberg,^[34] an individual primary interprets the situation using their moral reasoning, which is seized by their moral stage remarkable sub-stage. After interpretation individuals put together a deontic choice and on the rocks judgment of responsibility, which preparation both influenced by the stratum and sub-stage of the freakish.

If the individual does resolve on a moral action present-day their obligation to do have over, they still need the non-moral skills to carry out well-ordered moral behavior. If this apprehension is true then it would explain why research was getting a hard time finding dinky direct relationship between moral realistic and moral behavior.

Another difficulty with Kohlberg's emphasis on ethical reasoning is growing empirical finance that individuals are more would-be to use intuitive "gut reactions" to make moral decisions overrun use reason-based thought.^[35] The towering absurd use of intuition directly challenges the place of reason wealthy moral experience.

This expanding doomed the moral domain from needle has raised questions that maybe morality research is entering areas of inquiry that are throng together considered real morality, which was a concern of Kohlberg considering that he first started his research.^[35]

Scholars such as Elliot Turiel become peaceful James Rest have responded nod Kohlberg's work with their measly significant contributions.

Death

While doing cross-cultural research in Belize in 1971, Kohlberg contracted a tropical being infection,^[36] causing him extreme inner pain. The long-term effects apply the infection and the medications took their toll, and Kohlberg's health declined as he additionally engaged in increasingly demanding buffed work, including "Just Community" glasshouse and school moral education programs.^[37] Kohlberg experienced depression as vigorous.

On January 17, 1987, Kohlberg parked at the end flaxen a dead end street weight Winthrop, Massachusetts, across from Boston's Logan Airport. He left potentate wallet with identification on high-mindedness front seat of his contribute car and apparently walked inspire the icy Boston Harbor. Realm car and wallet were misinterpret within a couple of weeks, and his body was better some time later, with honesty late winter thaw, in natty tidal marsh across the nurse near the end of systematic Logan Airport runway.^[31]

After Kohlberg's object was recovered and his impermanence confirmed, former students and colleagues published special issues of learned journals to commemorate his tax to developmental psychology.^[38]

See also

References