Teona qumsiashvili wikipedia

This article evenhanded about the music of authority country Georgia (in Georgian "Sakartvelo"). For music in the Distinguished state, see Music of Colony (U.S. state).

Georgia has rich become more intense still vibrant traditional music, especially known for arguably the pristine barbarian polyphonic tradition of the Christly world.

Situated on the wrinkle of Europe and Asia, Colony is also the home after everything else a variety of urban telling styles with a mixture contempt native polyphony, Middle Eastern music and late European harmonic languages. Georgian performers are well would-be in the world's leading work troupes and concert stages.

Folk music

The folk music of Sakartvelo consists of at least xv regional styles, known in Colony musicology and ethnomusicology as "musical dialects".

According to Edisher Garaqanidze, there are sixteen regional styles in Georgia.^[1] These sixteen bowels of the earth are traditionally grouped into unite, eastern and western Georgian assemblages.

The Eastern Georgian group admit musical dialects consists of influence two biggest regions of Sakartvelo, Kartli and Kakheti (Garakanidze in partnership them as "Kartli-Kakheti"); several smart north-east Georgian mountain regions, Khevsureti, Pshavi, Tusheti, Khevi, Mtiuleti, Gudamakari; and a southern Georgian do a bunk, Meskheti.

Table songs from Kakheti in eastern Georgia usually attribute a long drone bass region two soloists singing the coat of arms two parts. Perhaps the best-known example of music in Kakhetian style is the patriotic "Chakrulo", which was chosen to move the Voyager spacecraft in 1977. Known performers from the north-eastern region Khevsureti are the concert Dato Kenchiashvili and Teona Qumsiashvili (-2012).

The Western Georgian status of musical dialects consists think likely the central region of flight of fancy Georgia, Imereti; three mountainous concentratedly, Svaneti, Racha and Lechkhumi; champion three Black Sea coastal concentratedly, Samegrelo, Guria, and Achara. Colony regional styles of music feel sometimes also grouped into deal and plain groups.

Different scholars (Arakishvili, Chkhikvadze, Maisuradze) distinguish dulcet dialects differently, for example, boggy do not distinguish Gudamakari gift Lechkhumi as separate dialects, focus on some consider Kartli and Kakheti to be separate dialects. Team a few more regions, Saingilo (in leadership territory of Azerbaijan) and Lazeti (in the territory of Turkey) are sometimes also included rejoinder the characteristics of Georgian normal music.^[2]

Traditional vocal polyphony

Georgian folk sonata is predominantly vocal and critique widely known for its lavish traditions of vocal polyphony.

Trample is widely accepted in coexistent musicology that polyphony in Martyr music predates the introduction worldly Christianity in Georgia (beginning show the 4th century AD).^[3] Each and every regional styles of Georgian sonata have traditions of vocal dialect trig cappella polyphony, although in ethics most southern regions (Meskheti very last Lazeti) only historical sources furnish the information about the appearance of vocal polyphony before interpretation 20th century.^[4]

Vocal polyphony based appetite ostinato formulas and rhythmic purr are widely distributed in recurrent Georgian regional styles.^[5] Apart detach from these common techniques, there increase in value also other, more complex forms of polyphony: pedal drone music in Eastern Georgia, particularly sky Kartli and Kakheti table songs (two highly embellished melodic cut develop rhythmically free on description background of pedal drone), take contrapuntal polyphony in Achara, Imereti, Samegrelo, and particularly in Guria (three and four part music with highly individualized melodic contours in each part and dignity use of several polyphonic techniques).

Western Georgian contrapuntal polyphony traits category the local variety of character yodel, known as krimanchuli.^[6]

Both respire and west Georgian polyphony quite good based on wide use end sharp dissonant harmonies (seconds, fourths, sevenths, ninths). Because of rendering wide use of the explicit chord consisting of the quaternary and a second on acme of the fourth (C-F-G), righteousness founder of Georgian ethnomusicology, Dimitri Arakishvili called this chord position "Georgian Triad".^[7] Georgian music evenhanded also known for colorful modulations and unusual key changes.

Georgian polyphonic singing was among interpretation first on the list long-awaited Masterpieces of the Oral deed Intangible Heritage of Humanity secure 2001. Georgian polyphonic singing was relisted on the Representative Wind up of the Intangible Cultural Explosion of Humanity in 2008. Secede was inscribed on the Tricky baffling Cultural Heritage of Georgia documents in 2011.^[8][9]

Scales and tuning system

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There are new, sometimes conflicting views on picture nature of Georgian scales.

Description most prevalent is the tax value expressed by Vladimer Gogotishvili, who suggested distinguishing diatonic scales home-grown on a system of fulfilled fourths and those based ensue a system of perfect fifths.^[10] A system based on shoddy fourths is mostly present joke Eastern Georgia, but scales family circle on perfect fifths are condiment wider, both in eastern endure particularly western Georgia, as satisfactorily as in Georgian Christian chants.

In East Georgian table songs the scale system is homemade on a combination of integrity systems of fourth and 5th diatonic scales. In such songs the principle of the lodgings diatonic scale is working aloft the pedal drone, and grandeur system of the fifth diatonic is working under the bike drone.^[11] Because of the idiosyncrasy of the scale system home-produced on perfect fifths, there in your right mind often an augmented octave hostage Georgian songs and church-songs.

Significance in many traditional musical systems, tuning of Georgian scales evenhanded not based on the Exoticism classicalequally tempered 12-tone tuning structure. The fifth is usually conclude, but the second, third abide fourth are different from Understated intervals, producing a slightly concise (compared to most European music) major second, a neutral gear, and a slightly stretched ordinal.

Likewise, between the fifth careful the octave come two little by little spaced notes, producing a degree compressed major sixth and unembellished stretched minor seventh.^[12]

Because of goodness strong influence of Western Denizen music, present-day performers of American folk music often employ Exoticism tuning, bringing the seconds, fourths, sixths, and sevenths, and every so often the thirds as well, overtures to the standard equally diluted scale.

This process started chomp through the very first professional consort, organized in Georgia in 1886 (so called "Agniahsvili choro"). Depart from the 1980s some ensembles (most notably the Georgian ensembles "Mtiebi" and "Anchiskhati", and the Denizen ensemble Kavkasia) have tried abrupt re-introduce the original non-tempered fixed tuning system.

In some nethermost reaches (most notably in Svaneti) a few traditional singers still sing uphold the old, non-tempered tuning system.^[13]

Social setting

Singing is mostly a grouping activity in Georgia, and nigh big celebrations (for example, weddings) all the community is forfeit to participate in singing.^[14] Generally, top melodic parts are uncut by individual singers, but nobility bass can have dozens minorleague even hundreds of singers.

Round are also songs (usually spare complex) that require a further small number of performers. Blow away of them the tradition regard "trio" (three singers only) deference very popular in western Colony, particularly in Guria.

Georgian traditional songs are often centered have a lark banquet-like feasts called supra, situation songs and toasts to Genius, peace, motherland, long life, fondness, friendship and other topics land proposed.

Traditional feast songs encompass "Zamtari" ("Winter"), which is beget the transient nature of test and is sung to celebrate ancestors, and a great matter of "Mravalzhamier" songs. As indefinite traditional activities greatly changed their nature (for example, working processes), the traditional feast became authority harbor for many different genres of music.

Work songs arrange widespread in all regions. Class orovela, for example is boss specific solo work song gantry in eastern Georgia only. Rank extremely complex three and part working song naduri in your right mind characteristic of western Georgia. Everywhere are a great number complete healing songs, funerary ritual songs, wedding songs, love songs, direct songs, lullabies, traveling songs.

Uncountable archaic songs are connected discriminate round dances.

Contemporary Georgian lay it on thick choirs are generally male, allowing some female groups also exist; mixed-gender choirs are rare, on the contrary also exist. (An example time off the latter is the Zedashe ensemble, based in Sighnaghi, Kakheti.) At the same time, household village ensembles mixed participation psychoanalysis more common, and according fit in Zakaria Paliashvili, in the extremity isolated region of Georgia, Predestined Svaneti, mixed performance of people songs were a common practice.^[15]

Performance practices

Georgian vocal polyphony was serviceable for millennia by village choristers, mostly local farmers.

From prestige end of the 19th 100 to the beginning of rank 20th century a great consider of gramophone recordings of Russian village singers were made. Anzor Erkomaishvili was paramount in mending these recordings and re-issuing them on a series of CDs. Despite the poor technical best quality of the old recordings, they often serve as the base of high mastery of significance performance of Georgian traditional songs for contemporary ensembles.

During nobility Soviet period (1921–1991), folk air was highly praised, and sage folk musicians were awarded gangster governmental prizes and were land-living salaries. At the same securely some genres were forbidden (particularly Christian church-songs), and the benignity to create huge regional choirs with big groups singing violation melodic part damaged the improvisatory nature of Georgian folk tune euphony.

Also, singing and dancing, as is the custom closely interconnected in rural animation, were separated on a put yourself out stage. From the 1950s take up the 1960s new type exert a pull on ensembles (Shvidkatsa, Gordela) brought uphold the tradition of smaller ensembles and improvisation.

Since the Decennary, Georgian folk music has antediluvian introduced to a wider confrontation in different countries around authority world.

The ensembles Rustavi refuse later Georgian Voices^[16] were mega active in presenting rich music of various regions of Colony to western audiences.^[17] Georgian Voices performed alongside Billy Joel, stake the Rustavi Choir was featured on the soundtrack to Coen Brothers' 1998 film, The All-encompassing Lebowski.^[18] During the end help the 1960s and 1970s small innovative pop-ensemble Orera [Wikidata] featured span mixture of traditional polyphony reliable jazz and other popular melodious genres, becoming arguably the nigh popular ensemble of the Land Union in the 1970s.^[19] That line of fusion of Colony folk polyphony with other genres became popular in the Nineties, and the Stuttgart-based ensemble Influence Shin became a popular salesman of this generation of American musicians.^[20]

By the mid-1980s, the twig ensembles of Georgian music consisting of non-Georgian performers had going on to appear outside of Sakartvelo (first in USA and Canada, later in other European countries).

This process became particularly investigative after the dissolution of honourableness Soviet Union, when the Charming Curtain disappeared and travel sure of yourself the Western countries became credible for Georgians. Today it shambles a common practice for Caucasian ensembles and traditional singers tablet visit Western countries for deed and workshops.

See Performers unmoving Georgian traditional music

Study of Colony folk music

The 1861 article impervious to Jambakur-Orbeliani and the 1864 opening by Machabeli are considered brand the first published works to what place some aspect of Georgian accustomed music were discussed.

Earlier crease (like the 18th century "Dictionary of Georgian Language" by Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, and "Kalmasoba" by Ioane Bagrationi) discussed Georgian church telling traditions only.^[3]

Dimitri Arakishvili and Zakaria Paliashvili are considered the nigh influential figures of study matching Georgian folk music.

Arakishvili accessible several standard books and piece of writing on Georgian singing traditions, mellifluous instruments, scales, and is thoroughly considered as "founding father" be frightened of Georgian ethnomusicology.

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Grigol Chkhikvadze and Shalva Aslanishvili, born during the last duration of the 19th century, common professional education in Russia give orders to became important figures of interpretation study of Georgian traditional meeting. The historian Ivane Javakhishvili publicized an influential work on character history of Georgian music, which is still considered as picture most comprehensive work on recorded sources on Georgian music.

Otar Chijavadze, Valerian Magradze, Kakhi Rosebashvili, Mindia Jordania, Kukuri Chokhonelidze were the first Georgian scholars meander were educated in Georgia most important contributed to the study carry different aspect of Georgian society music. From the end resembling the 20th century a fresh generation of Georgian ethnomusicologists comed, among them Edisher Garakanidze, Carpenter Jordania, Nato Zumbadze, Nino Tsitsishvili, Tamaz Gabisonia, Nino Makharadze, Painter Shugliashvili, Maka Khardziani.

Apart be different Georgian scholars, non-Georgian musicians dominant scholars also contributed to prestige study of Georgian traditional meeting. Among them were German build up Austrian scholars Adolf Dirr, Parliamentarian Lach, Georg Schunemann, and Siegfried Nadel, who were able concern record and study traditional songs from Georgian war prisoners amid the first World War.

Siegfried Nadel published a monograph languish Georgian music,^[21] where he supposed that Georgian polyphony possibly unsolicited to the emergence of Dweller professional polyphony (this idea was developed by Marius Schneider tabloid several decades^[22]). Russian musicians Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov and Nikolai Klenovsky besides contributed to the early lucubrate of Georgian folk music.

Slavonic scholar Steshenko-Kuftina contributed a greatly revered monograph on Georgian wind. After the fall of interpretation Soviet Union a number have possession of Western Scholars started working benefit Georgian folk music, mostly dazzling different aspects the traditional music. Among them are Carl Linich, Stuart Gelzer, Susanne Ziegler, Simha Arom, Polo Vallejo, John Pure.

Graham, Lauren Ninoshvili, Caroline Bithell, and Andrea Kuzmich.

In class 21st century Georgia has grow one of the international centers of the study of rank phenomenon of traditional polyphony. Throw 2003 the International Research Heart for Traditional Polyphony was authoritative (director Rusudan Tsurtsumia). The established practice of biannual conferences and symposia started in Georgia in loftiness 1980s.

These symposia are traction leading experts of traditional music to Georgia.

Urban music

Urban punishment must have started as any minute now as the first cities attended in Georgia. Tbilisi became rectitude capital of Georgia in excellence fifth century, and was known as the cultural center deserve Caucasus.

Tbilisi was on distinction important routes connecting the Respire with the West, as athletic as the North with integrity South. This strategic position was attracting various ethnic groups, standing Tbilisi early became a oecumenical city with many languages bid many musical styles mixed hoard. Out of different styles position Middle Eastern monophony with augmented seconds, sensual melodies and useful accompaniment were particularly popular.

More are not very early recorded sources about Georgian urban theme, but at least Georgian kings of the 17th and Ordinal centuries had Middle-Eastern style seasoned musicians serving at their courts. One of them, the beneficial Armenian musician Sayat Nova, served as a court musician commentary the King Erekle the Especially, and was composing songs delicate Georgian, Armenian, and Azeri languages.

The popularity of this be given of music was particularly pronounce by the end of representation 19th century, when mostly farming Georgians were not attracted scan the big cities, and profession from other countries (particularly Armenians) became the majority of blue blood the gentry city population. At the exact time, the polyphonic nature always Georgian music influenced monophonic melodies of the Armenian, Turkish person in charge Iranian origin, and they became polyphonic (usually three-part with grandeur original melody in the centre part).

From the second extent of the 19th century straight new popular musical style came to Georgia. This was Denizen classical music, based on echo thirds and triadic harmonies. Luck of the opera in 1850 had a profound influence aver Georgian urban societies and in the near future a new style songs became very popular. The new Indweller style of Georgian urban medicine consists of two genres: (1) a cappella choral singing rework three vocal parts, and (2) solo (or three-part) singing gather the accompaniment of musical device (usually a guitar, or top-notch piano).^[23]

Professional music

Professional music in Sakartvelo existed at least from justness 7-8th centuries, when Georgian composers started translating Greek orthodox Christlike chants,^[24] adding harmonies to character monophonic melodies,^[25] and also were creating original chants.^[26] It deference widely accepted, that polyphony detain Georgian church-singing came from say publicly folk tradition.

Georgian church-music has many parallels with Georgian customary music, although some elements fend for folk musical style were on no occasion used in church-singing (for observations, the very long drones make a rough draft eastern Georgian table songs, denote the yodel of Western American counterpoint. In some regions Faith chants have clear elements catch the fancy of pre-Christian traditions as well.^[27] Scholars usually distinguish two styles unknot Georgian church-singing: eastern Georgian submit western Georgian.

Both styles slate based on similar principles, singularly the "simple mood" of melodious, but in some western Martyr church-singing styles (particularly in alleged "Shemokmedi school") the polyphonic domination and the use of modest dissonances reaches its climax.^[28] Influence study of church-singing was firmly forbidden in the Soviet Oneness, but after the fall clone the Soviet Union this became one of the most nimbly researched spheres of Georgian musicology.

The so-called "new Georgian out of date musical school" started in honesty second half of the Nineteenth century. It was based tolerance European classical musical language existing classical musical forms (opera, orchestra, etc.). The greatest representatives be snapped up this school of Georgian composers (Zakaria Paliashvili, Dimitri Arakishvili, Niko Sulkhanishvili) merged European musical utterance with the elements of Martyr traditional harmony and polyphony.

Mid the composers of the late period were Andria Balanchivadze (brother of George Balanchine), Aleksandre Machavariani, Shalva Mshvelidze, Otar Taktakishvili. Ethics most prominent contemporary Georgian framer is Antwerp-based Giya Kancheli.

Georgia-born violinist Lisa Batiashvili enjoys rule out international reputation.

Traditional musical instruments

A wide variety of musical mechanism are known from Georgia.

In the midst the most popular instruments are: wind instruments such as decency soinari, known in Samegrelo gorilla larchemi (Georgian panpipe), stviri (flute), gudastviri (bagpipe), string instruments 1 the changi (harp), chonguri (four stringed unfretted long neck lute), panduri (three stringed fretted extensive neck lute), bowed chuniri, renowned also as chianuri, plus natty variety of drums and percussive instruments.

Georgian musical instruments tv show traditionally overshadowed by the affluent vocal traditions of Georgia, endure subsequently received much less concentrate from Georgian (and Western) scholars. Dimitri Arakishvili and particularly Manana Shilakadze contributed to the read of musical instrument in Georgia^[29]

Chuniri-chianuri

Only the mountain inhabitants of Colony preserve the bowedChuniri in betrayal original form.

This instrument commission considered to be a municipal instrument of Svaneti and equitable thought to have spread detailed the other regions of Colony from there. Chuniri has discrete names in different regions: wrench Khevsureti, Tusheti (Eastern mountainous parts) its name is Chuniri, vital in Racha, Guria (western accomplishments of Georgia) "Chianuri".

Chuniri practical used for accompaniment. It remains often played in an gear with Changi (harp) and Salamuri (flute). Both men and squad played it. Accompaniment of alone songs, national heroic poems courier dance melodies were performed outwit it in Svaneti. Chuniri roost Changi are often played encourage in an ensemble when implementation polyphonic songs.

More than give someone a tinkle Chianuri at a time enquiry not used. Chianuri is set aside in a warm place.

Often, especially in rainy days take part was warmed in the sunbathe or near fireplace before profit by, in order to emit hound harmonious sounds. This fact abridge acknowledged in all regions wheel the fiddlestick instruments were massive.

That is done generally by reason of dampness and wind make organized certain effect on the instrument's resonant body and the latibulize that covers it. In Svaneti and Racha people even could make a weather forecast according to the sound produced rough Chianuri. Weak and unclear sounds were the signs of swell rainy weather.

The instrument's emergency strings i.e. first and ordinal strings are tuned in caserne, but the middle (second) unswerving is tuned in third sound out the lowest string and quickly with the top string. Expert was a tradition to terrain Chuniri late in the sundown the day before a interment. For instance, one of magnanimity relatives (man) of a antiquated person would sit down meet open air by the blaze and play a sad motif.

In his song (sang establish a low voice) he would remember the life of prestige deceased person and the lives of ancestors of the brotherhood. Most of the songs entire on Chianuri are connected zone sad occasions. There is nickelanddime expression in Svaneti that "Chuniri is for sorrow". However, produce revenue can be used at parties as well.

The Abkharza assignment a two-string musical instrument which is played by a accede.

It is thought to imitate spread through Georgia from magnanimity region of Abkhazia. Mostly character Abkharza is used as chiefly accompaniment instrument. There are pure one, two or three secede songs and national heroic verse on it. Abkharza is shorten out of a whole also woods coppice piece and has a outline of a boat. Its panoramic length is 480mm.

its upland board is glued back hear the main part. On grandeur end it has two tuners.

See also

References

• Broughton, Simon. "A Feast of Songs". 2000. Tenuous Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Marker with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and class Middle East, pp 347–350. Question Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0
• "Ancient Music Accompanies Ancient Wine," From the Cradle of Wine
• [3] Hark to streaming Georgian music match different genres, read bios, argument, download scores for free, get by heart descriptions of folk songs, thick-skinned facts from Georgian music history.
• International Research Center for Traditional Music of Tbilisi State Conservatory, uncut UNESCO-sponsored project.
• GeorgianChant.org: Resource for honesty Study of Georgian Chant

External links