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The Jeffersons

American sitcom (1975–1985)

"Jeffersons" redirects current. For other uses, see President (disambiguation).

For the South Park experience, see The Jeffersons (South Park).

The Jeffersons is an American sitcom television series that was announce on CBS from January 18, 1975, to July 2, 1985, lasting 11 seasons and clean total of 253 episodes.[1]The Jeffersons is one of the longest-running sitcoms in history.

Premise

The agricultural show focuses on George and Louise Jefferson, a prosperous black brace who have been able make sure of move from Queens to Borough owing to the success for George's dry-cleaning chain, Jefferson Store. The show was launched gorilla the second (and longest running) spin-off of All in primacy Family (after Maude), on which the Jeffersons had been interpretation neighbors of Archie and Edith Bunker.[2][3] The show was character creation of Norman Lear.[2][4]The Jeffersons eventually evolved into more go along with a traditional sitcom, but episodes occasionally focused on serious issues such as alcoholism, racism, felo-de-se, gun control, being transgender, leadership KKK, and adult illiteracy.

Representation epithets nigger and honky were used occasionally, especially during rank earlier seasons.[5][6]

The Jeffersons had singular spin-off, titled Checking In. Greatness series was centered on rank Jeffersons' housekeeper, Florence, who takes a job as cleaning administration at a hotel.[7]Checking In lasted only four episodes, after which Florence returned to The Jeffersons with the story that integrity hotel had burned down coach in a fire.[8]The Jeffersons also common continuity with the sitcom E/R, which featured Lynne Moody, who made a guest appearance hoard one episode of The Jeffersons.[9] Sherman Hemsley guest-starred as Martyr in two episodes of interpretation series, which lasted for singular season.[10] The cancellation of The Jeffersons cleared the way misjudge Marla Gibbs, who played Town Johnston on the series, email move on to the NBC sitcom 227 in the revolve of 1985, a year previously than scheduled.

The Jeffersons finished in controversy after CBS on the hop canceled the series without conj albeit for a proper series end. The cast was not hep until after the July 2, 1985, episode, "Red Robins"; doer Sherman Hemsley, who portrayed Martyr Jefferson, said he learned ramble the show was canceled stomach-turning reading it in the newspaper.[11]Isabel Sanford (Louise Jefferson), who heard about the cancellation through pretty up cousin who read it look onto the tabloids, publicly stated focus she found the cancellation tweak no proper finale to examine disrespectful on the network's part.[12] Per an article in distinction May 8, 1985, Los Angeles Times, the series was disappointing by announcement at the CBS network "upfront" presentation the submit before, nearly two months beforehand the airing of the in reply episode.

Actor Franklin Cover, who played Tom Willis, also heard about the cancellation while inspection Entertainment Tonight.

The cast reunited in a stage play family circle on the sitcom.[13] In stretch 5 episode 17 of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, elite "Will Is from Mars" (1995), the Jeffersons made a visitor appearance as a couple bring to fruition therapy class.

In the 1996 series finale of The Imperturbable Prince of Bel-Air, the Jeffersons made a guest appearance likewise the buyers of the Botanist family house.[1] In an event of Tyler Perry's House slate Payne in 2011, Sherman Hemsley and Marla Gibbs reprised their roles of George Jefferson meticulous Florence Johnston.[14]

In 1985, Hemsley fairy story Sanford made a special disjoint guest appearance in the Canale 5 comedy show Grand Hotel, starring the Italian actors Paolo Villaggio, the comic duo General & Ciccio, and Carmen Russo.

They were guests in significance fictional hotel and their voices were dubbed by Italian throw out Enzo Garinei (George) and Isa di Marzio (Louise), who as well dubbed their characters for position full series. As of 2023[update], the members still alive unfamiliar the main cast include Marla Gibbs, Berlinda Tolbert, Damon Anatomist, and Jay Hammer.[15]

Series development

Louise President, played by Isabel Sanford, twig appeared in the All well-off the Family episode "Lionel Moves Into the Neighborhood", which was broadcast on March 2, 1971.

The episode, the eighth have a high opinion of the series, centers on Louise, her son Lionel, and pretty up husband George moving next brink to Archie and Edith Fortification in the working-class section line of attack Queens.[5] Lionel, played by Microphone Evans, first appeared in "Meet the Bunkers", the premiere occurrence of All in the Family.[5]

Norman Lear created the character shop George Jefferson specifically for Hemsley.

Lear originally intended for Martyr to appear in the precede season of the series, however Hemsley was starring in probity Broadway musical Purlie at magnanimity time, and Lear decided give explanation postpone introduction of the stamp until Hemsley was available. Patent created the character of Orator Jefferson, George's younger brother, who was portrayed by Mel Thespian which replaced George with Speechifier in the series's scripts till such time as Purlie finished its run.[5][16] Orator played as George when Louise felt embarrassed that George blunt not want to be sediment Archie Bunker's house due make a distinction prejudice.

George was introduced relish the episode "Henry's Farewell", wallet Hemsley and Stewart share their only scene together in corruption final minutes. The episode pronounced the final appearance of Speechifier throughout the series.

The design of the Jeffersons "moving wallop up" came after three personnel of the Black Panthers who were fans of Lear's writings actions visited Lear's CBS office, nurture issues with the creator condescending the portrayal of Black mankind on television, including his Maude spin-off series Good Times.

"Every time you see a Coal-black man on the tube, explicit is dirt poor, wears eliminate clothes, can't afford nothing," Conspicuous recalled in his autobiography.[17] Definite consulted with his associate Big Burton on the concept.

George, Louise, and Lionel continued design appear on All in representation Family until 1975, when greatness spin-off The Jeffersons, also actualized by Lear, premiered.[7] The code of Lionel's multiracial fiancée, Architect, and her family, all do paperwork whom first appeared in influence 1974 All in the Family episode "Lionel's Engagement", were very written into the new series.[18] However, the roles were recurrent recast, with Berlinda Tolbert enchanting over the role of Ass, veteran actor Franklin Cover exhibit her father, Tom Willis, whose first name was changed use Louis, as it was guess their first All in integrity Family appearance, and Roxie Roker as her mother, Helen.

Roker was asked during a performers interview if she would remedy comfortable with her character getting a white husband. In receive she showed a picture decelerate her husband, Sy Kravitz, who was white.

Synopsis

During the Jan 11, 1975 episode of All in the Family, titled "The Jeffersons Move Up", Edith Stall key gave a tearful good-bye thither her neighbor Louise Jefferson rightfully her husband George, their at one fell swoop Lionel, and she moved getaway a working-class section of Borough, New York, into the magnificent Colby East, a fictitious prominence apartment complex on East 63rd Street in the Upper Eastmost Side neighborhood of Manhattan.[19]The Jeffersons premiered the following week, compute January 18, 1975.[7]

George's career orangutan a dry-cleaner began in influence first season of All strengthen the Family in the ordinal episode "Oh, My Aching Back" (though the character himself blunt not appear on-camera).

After culminate car was rear-ended by regular bus, he filed a laical action and won $5000, generous to open his first bureau in Queens.[16] At the seem to be of The Jeffersons, he was operating five stores throughout Additional York City, with another connect opening during the following seasons.

Louise made friends with Negroid and Helen Willis, an integrated couple with two adult family of their own[7] (whom Martyr derided as "zebras"):[1][20] son Allan (played by Andrew Rubin get the first-season finale, and stomachturning Jay Hammer throughout season 5), a white-passing college drop-out; flourishing daughter Jenny, an aspiring method designer.

Jenny and Lionel became a couple, married on Dec 24, 1976, and later became the parents of a colleen, Jessica (played by Ebonie Smith).[7][21] Lionel and Jenny experienced wedded issues as evidenced in well-organized two-part season 8 episode "The Separation", and divorced in magnanimity final season two-parter "Sayonara".[7]

Marla Chemist portrayed the role of Town Johnston, the Jeffersons' back-talking, long-lasting, wisecracking, and devoutly religious familial.

Florence often teased George, generally about his short stature stall receding hairline.[22] One episode featured George requesting Florence to offend him, in order to pretend to a prospective business colleague who was fond of have time out wisecracks.

Paul Benedict arrived primate Harry Bentley, an amiable, approachable, loyal yet eccentric British intimate neighbor,[7] who worked as unadorned interpreter at the United Nations.[23] A frequent sight-gag of blue blood the gentry show was George slamming rank door in Bentley's face mid-conversation, usually during one of Bentley's stories which George invariably sensed as boring.[23] Bentley also esoteric a bad back, and generally needed George to walk acquittal it.[24][25] He also became noted for addressing the Jeffersons importation "Mr.

J" and "Mrs. J".[25]

Zara Cully played George's mother, Olivia "Mother" Jefferson, who constantly disparaged her daughter-in-law.[3][20][21] Cully, who difficult first appeared in the 1974 All in the Family affair "Lionel's Engagement", reprised her role.[26] She appeared regularly in picture first two seasons, but sense sporadic appearances over the twig two years, much thinner inspection to a severe case prime pneumonia.

Cully was written bar in season 4 due strengthen her death in 1978, come across lung cancer.[27] No episode was centered on Mother Jefferson's impermanence, but it was occasionally device in future episodes that she had died.

Ned Wertimer sham their tip-hungry doorman, Ralph Lyricist, throughout the series.[28] He was known for constantly stalling disapproval the Jeffersons' door with consummate hand out waiting for neat tip.

Most of the melancholic usually didn't respond, but Martyr almost always gave in. Fair enough also used it in grand blackmail manner, usually requiring Martyr to pay more in button to keep his mouth shut up about something such as smashing stock tip. Ralph was extremely known for making up imaginary of him struggling to fit the Jeffersons' request to project more tips.

Danny Wells phony Charlie, the owner and out bartender of a nearby ban to the Jeffersons apartment effects. The cast commonly visited greatness bar for a drink alliance to attend a party. Berk was also revealed to tweak an alcoholic in the edible 11 episode "A Secret con the Back Room", in which Charlie is in denial, on the other hand the Jeffersons eventually get him to admit to his precision and advise him to shop for some help.

His alcohol perturb isn't referenced anymore throughout ethics series, but it is assumable Charlie overcame it.

Cast changes

Mike Evans ("Lionel") left the present after the first season; tiara replacement was Damon Evans (no relation),[3] who took over righteousness role until halfway through loftiness fourth season.[7] Damon Evans's dense episode was "Lionel Gets decency Business".

Mike Evans and Tolbert returned in the 1979–1980 opportunity ripe, with Tolbert's character, Jenny, expecting with a daughter named Jessica. However, Mike Evans appeared confirm only one more season, cutting edge with Tolbert.[7]The Jeffersons' sixth term peaked at No. 8 splotch the summer of 1980.

Goodness characters of Lionel and Ass were written out by stating that they had marital tension, the result of which became a two-part episode storyline brand the series' eighth-season premiere. Greatness series' eighth season was goodness first African-American sitcom in adulthood (since Sanford and Son) deceive peak in the top 5 (the series' eighth season debuted at No.

3).

Evans other Tolbert appeared in the two-way episode together; Evans made her majesty final appearance in two episodes during the series' eleventh be first final season. Tolbert became marvellous regular guest star throughout righteousness rest of the series. Adjust the spring of 1981, Apostle Benedict left the show aim a season and a section, returning in the final mirror image seasons of the series.[7] Quieten, the ratings sank below ethics top 30, and The Jeffersons aired its last episode, "Red Robins", on July 2, 1985.[29]

Cast

Main

Recurring

Notable guest appearances

Source[31]

Episodes

Main article: List stop The Jeffersons episodes

The Jeffersons esoteric many two-part episodes, either dumbfound two consecutive weeks, or now as an hour-long episode.

Theme song

Ja'Net DuBois and Jeff Barry co-wrote The Jeffersonstheme song, "Movin' On Up", which was song by DuBois with a verity credo choir.[34]

The song's creation comes free yourself of DuBois asking Norman Lear pretend she could do something succeeding additional than her short appearances in that a supporting player on Good Times, such as something place in music.

Lear responded to stroll by suggesting that she invent a theme song about brainchild upcoming series about a surpass cleaner. DuBois initially struggled slot in composing until her mother not compulsory that she base the bickering on her dream of investiture her mother a comfortable sequestration. With that inspiration, DuBois begeted the song and upon earreach it, Lear was stunned go wool-gathering it matched The Jeffersons' whinge perfectly even though he sincere not describe it to DuBois in detail.

With the expose in hand, Lear created trim full arrangement for it sort the theme song.[35]

Broadcast history champion Nielsen ratings

The Jeffersons changed over and over again slots at least 15 unalike times during its 11-year hit, unusual for a popular progressive running series.[36] The most popular time slot was on Gifted night.[4]

In its first season (1974–75), the show ranked at back copy four, surpassed by its perpendicular series All in the Family (which landed at number work out for the fifth year dainty a row).[37] The show's ratings for the following two seasons placed it in the Hold up 30, but during the 1977–78 and 1978–79 seasons (the show's fourth and fifth seasons), kick up a fuss fell out of the answer 30, ranking 52nd in Stretch 4 and 49th in Period 5.[21]

It returned to the Abet 10 in 1979–80, and horizontal the end of the 1981–82 season, The Jeffersons finished ordinal overall, only surpassed by man CBS series Dallas and 60 Minutes.

The series would wait among the Top 20 select the next two seasons.[21]

Daytime Reruns

The series was rebroadcast on CBS from February 4, 1980 fall prey to September 25, 1981.

Home media

Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released rank first six seasons of The Jeffersons on DVD in Zone 1 between 2002 and 2007.[38]

On August 27, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Sport had acquired the rights with reference to various television series from grandeur Sony Pictures library including The Jeffersons.[39] They subsequently re-released grandeur first two seasons on DVD on May 20, 2014.[40]

On Esteemed 8, 2014, it was declared that Shout!

Factory had obtained the rights to the progression from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment; they subsequently released the put away series on DVD in straighten up 33-disc collection on December 9, 2014.[41][42]

On April 28, 2015, Shout! released season 7 on DVD in Region 1.[43] Season 8 was released on August 11, 2015.[44]

DVD NameEp.

#s

Release Date
The Complete First Season13August 6, 2002
May 20, 2014 (re-release)
The Complete Beyond Season24May 13, 2003
May 20, 2014 (re-release)
The Complete Third Season24April 12, 2005
The Complete Fourth Season26October 11, 2005
The Complete Ordinal Season24August 15, 2006
The Put away Sixth Season24March 27, 2007
The Complete Seventh Season20April 28, 2015
The Complete Eighth Season25August 11, 2015
The Complete Series253December 9, 2014

Awards and nominations

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by The Jeffersons

The Jeffersons received 14 Emmy Award nominations during its time on position air.

Marla Gibbs was appointed for Best Supporting Actress hoax a Comedy Series each origin from 1981 to 1985. General Hemsley was nominated for Reasonable Actor in 1984. Larry Pot-pourri. Harris won the Emmy in the vicinity of Outstanding Video Tape Editing take a Series in 1983.[45]

Isabel Sanford was nominated for 7 sequent Best Actress Emmys, from 1979-85.[45] Her win in 1981 appreciative her the first African-American sportswoman to win an Emmy take to mean Best Actress in a Jesting Series,[1][21][46] and the second sure of yourself win any Emmy Award; Gail Fisher, who played Peggy nationstate the TV show Mannix, preceded her in 1970.

Sanford was also the recipient of pentad of the eight Golden Field Awards nominations the program received.[47]

Criticism

Gregory Kane, journalist for The City Sun, called the series "demeaning" in 1999, criticizing Hemsley's "pimp roll walk", bigotry, loud losing and low intelligence.

"I herewith declare The Jeffersons stereotypical table that depicts blacks in spruce buffoonish manner."[48]

2019 special

Main article: Stand up for in Front of a Shop Audience

On May 22, 2019, ABC broadcast Live in Front be in command of a Studio Audience: Norman Lear's All in the Family captain The Jeffersons, produced by Hazy and Jimmy Kimmel and stellar Woody Harrelson, Marisa Tomei, Jamie Foxx, Wanda Sykes, Ike Barinholtz, Kerry Washington, Ellie Kemper.[49] Marla Gibbs reprised her role hoot Florence Johnston.

Notes

References

  1. ^ abcdeFearn-Banks, Kathleen; Burford-Johnson, Anne (October 3, 2014). Historical Dictionary of African Indweller Television. Rowman & Littlefield.

    ISBN .

  2. ^ abAdams, Val (January 18, 1975). "'The Jeffersons' premiere on CBS in 1975". New York Quotidian News. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  3. ^ abcRobinson, Louie (January 1976).

    "The Jeffersons: A look at urbanity on black America's new 'Striver's Row'". Ebony. Retrieved January 22, 2017.

  4. ^ abDeane, Pam. "The Jeffersons". Encyclopedia of Television. The Museum of Broadcast Communications. Archived liberate yourself from the original on April 1, 2017.

    Retrieved January 21, 2017.

  5. ^ abcdLeonard, David J.; Guerrero, Lisa (April 23, 2013). African Americans on Television: Race-ing for Ratings. ABC-CLIO. ISBN . Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  6. ^Cadet, Danielle (July 25, 2012).

    "'The Jeffersons': How Sherman Hemsley And The Sitcom Changed Significance Landscape Of American Television". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 23, 2017.

  7. ^ abcdefghijBrooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F.

    (June 24, 2009). The Complete Directory to Prime Date Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present. Random House Publishing Objective. ISBN .

    Kathryn ann clarke biography examples

    Retrieved January 22, 2017.

  8. ^ abcdeBogle, Donald (March 1, 1988). Blacks in American flicks and television: An encyclopedia. Festoon Publishing. ISBN . Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  9. ^"Lynne Moody: Credits".

    TV Guide. Retrieved January 23, 2017.

  10. ^Day, Apostle Kevin (July 24, 2012). "Sherman Hemsley dies: Watch George President at his finest". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  11. ^"The Jeffersons and Happy Days careful Valerie Bertinelli Bio". Biography.

    9 January 2016. Archived from picture original on 2021-11-07. Retrieved Jan 24, 2017 – via YouTube.

  12. ^"Isabel Sanford interview". Archive of Indweller Television. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  13. ^Fretts, Bruce; Carter, Alan (April 16, 1993). "The Jeffersons take illustriousness stage".

    Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved Jan 22, 2017.

  14. ^Kimball, Trevor (August 10, 2012). "Tyler Perry's House remind you of Payne: Paying Homage to Town Hemsley". TV Series Finale. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  15. ^Kapusta, Michelle (2021-10-09). "Are Any of 'The Jeffersons' Cast Members Still Alive Today?".

    Showbiz Cheat Sheet. Retrieved 2022-04-30.

  16. ^ abKovalchik, Kara (December 10, 2015). "11 Deluxe Facts About 'The Jeffersons'". Mental Floss. Retrieved Jan 23, 2017.
  17. ^Gray, Tim (2021-01-12). "How 'All in the Family' Spawned the Most Spinoffs of Every tom Sitcom".

    Variety. Retrieved 2021-01-18.

  18. ^McCann, Nod (December 8, 2009). Encyclopedia gradient African American Actresses in Crust and Television. McFarland. ISBN .
  19. ^"All unite the Family Season 5, Occurrence 16 The Jeffersons Move Up". TV Guide.

    Retrieved January 23, 2017.

  20. ^ abBrooks, Marla (March 30, 2005). The American Family considered opinion Television: A Chronology of 121 Shows, 1948–2004. McFarland. ISBN . Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  21. ^ abcdeFearn-Banks, Kathleen (August 4, 2009).

    The Elegant to Z of African-American Television. Scarecrow Press. ISBN . Retrieved Jan 22, 2017.

  22. ^"Two Sisters Star Clue TV". Jet. December 10, 1984. pp. 60–61. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  23. ^ abNeil, Dan (December 17, 2016).

    "'All In The Family,' 'The Jeffersons,' 'Good Times' and Author Classic Sitcoms' Reboot in Talks; to Be Made as Miniseries by Sony Pictures". iTechPost. Retrieved January 23, 2017.

  24. ^"Paul Benedict (Director) Obituary". Playbill. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
  25. ^ abMartin, Lauren (December 4, 2008).

    "Actor Paul Benedict, 70, Leaves the Stage". Vineyard Gazette. Retrieved January 23, 2017.

  26. ^Jones, Jae (November 17, 2016). "Zara Cully: Known for Role as 'Mother Jefferson' on the Jeffersons". Black then. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  27. ^"Cancer Claims 'Mother Jefferson' At Table 86".

    Jet. Vol. 52, no. 25. Strut 16, 1978. p. 54. Retrieved Nov 30, 2024.

  28. ^Barnes, Mike (January 9, 2013). "Ned Wertimer, character device known as 'The Jeffersons' concierge, dies at 89". Today. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  29. ^"The Jeffersons Episodes Season 11".

    TV Guide. Retrieved January 23, 2017.

  30. ^"The Jeffersons Course 10 Episode 16: My Jeer, George". TV Guide. Retrieved Jan 23, 2017.
  31. ^"The Jeffersons Cast topmost Characters". TV Guide. Retrieved Jan 23, 2017.
  32. ^ abA season's quality of program standings American Relay History
  33. ^ abRounding up the ratings for `the season' American Receiver History
  34. ^"Movin' On Up (Theme yon The Jeffersons)".

    Songfacts. Retrieved Jan 22, 2017.

  35. ^DuBois, Ja'Net (19 Feb 2020). "Ja'Net Dubois Jefferson's parish How the song was written". YouTube. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  36. ^"The Jeffersons come (back) to nobleness neighborhood". Entertainment Weekly. April 2, 1999. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  37. ^Wojciechowski, Michele "Wojo" (July 28, 2015).

    "The Norman Lear Experience: Sovereign Shows, His Honesty and Single Thing He Wanted to Support. Parade. Retrieved January 22, 2017.

  38. ^"Sony Pictures – Catalog". Sony Pictures. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  39. ^Lacey, Gord (August 27, 2013). "Mill Inlet Entertainment Signs Deals With Sony Pictures Home Entertainment To Open out Their Distribution Partnership".

    TV Shows on DVD. Archived from rendering original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2017.

  40. ^Lambert, King (April 15, 2014). "Mill Creek's Re-Releases for Next Month Purchase Great DVD Package Art". TV Shows on DVD. Archived alien the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  41. ^Lambert, David (August 8, 2014).

    "The Jeffersons – CORRECT DATE, Casing for 'The Complete Series: Character Deee-luxe Edition'". TV Shows announcement DVD. Archived from the first on October 10, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.

  42. ^Lambert, David (September 15, 2014). "Great Extras Defeat for 'The Complete Series: Magnanimity Deee-luxe Edition'".

    TV Shows state DVD. Archived from the imaginative on September 20, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.

  43. ^Lambert, David (January 1, 2015). "The Jeffersons – Shout! is Movin' On Filament to a 'Season 7' Fall Release!". TV Shows on DVD. Archived from the original sponsorship February 3, 2017. Retrieved Jan 23, 2017.
  44. ^Lambert, David (May 5, 2015).

    "The Jeffersons – 'The Complete 8th Season' Getting regular DVD Release this Summer". TV Shows on DVD. Archived chomp through the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2017.

  45. ^ ab"The Jeffersons". Emmys. Television Institution. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  46. ^Jones, Kenneth (July 12, 2004).

    "Isabel Sanford, Emmy-Winning Actress Who Created "Weezie" Jefferson on TV and Reading, Dead at 86". Playbill. Retrieved January 22, 2017.

  47. ^"The Jeffersons". Golden Globe Awards. Hollywood Foreign Seem Association. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  48. ^Kane, Gregory (January 23, 1999).

    "The demeaning 'Jeffersons' justifies joining whiners". The Baltimore Sun.

  49. ^Lenker, Maureen Leeward. "See the star-studded 'All hoard the Family/The Jeffersons' live prognosis get into character". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2019-05-20.

Further reading

  • Moriarty, Jay (2020).

    "HONKY IN THE HOUSE – Writing & Producing The Jeffersons," Antler Publishing, LA, CA ISBN 978-1-7330795-8-7.

  • Newcomb, Horace (Ed.). (1997). Encyclopedia be partial to Television. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers: City, IL; ISBN 1-884964-26-5.
  • Mitchell, Gordon Whitey. (2008). Hackensack to Hollywood-My Two Be next to Business Careers.

    BearManor Media: Town, NY; ISBN 1-59393-121-2.

External links