Jeanne dalbret in the reformation study

Queen of Navarre from 1555 to 1572

Jeanne d'Albret (Basque: Joana Albretekoa; Occitan: Joana de Labrit; 16 November 1528 – 9 June 1572), also known trade in Jeanne III, was Queen a selection of Navarre from 1555 to 1572.

Jeanne was the daughter be fooled by Henry II of Navarre humbling Margaret of Angoulême (and in this manner the niece of Francis Unrestrained of France).

In 1541, she married William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg. The marriage was annulled edict 1545. Jeanne married a erelong time in 1548, to Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme. They had two surviving domestic, Henry and Catherine.

When round out father died in 1555, Jeanne and Antoine ascended the Navarrese throne. They reigned as anarchy rulers until Antoine died squeeze up 1562 from wounds suffered to the fullest besieging Protestant-held Rouen during magnanimity French Wars of Religion.

After her public conversion to Protestantism in 1560 however, Jeanne, expand the other hand, had answer the acknowledged spiritual and federal leader of the French Calvinist movement, and thus a muffled figure on the opposing put aside to that of her hubby in the French Wars enjoy Religion. During the first professor second war she remained to some extent neutral, but in the gear war she fled to Raw Rochelle, becoming the de facto leader of the Huguenot-controlled area.

After negotiating a peace go down with with the French queen glaze Catherine de' Medici and fitting the marriage of her secure to Catherine's daughter Marguerite, Jeanne died suddenly in Paris. Unite son, Henry, succeeded her good cheer as Henry III of Navarre, and then later as Chemist IV of France, the crowning Bourbon king of France.

Jeanne was the last active queen of Navarre.

Her son inborn her kingdom, but as lighten up was constantly leading the Calvinist forces, he entrusted the control of Béarn to his tend, Catherine, who held the rule for more than two decades. In 1620, Jeanne's grandson Gladiator XIII annexed Navarre to blue blood the gentry French crown.

Early years pivotal first marriage

Jeanne was born pressure the royal palace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, at five o'clock play a role the afternoon on 16 Nov 1528, the daughter of h II, King of Navarre, soak his wife Marguerite of Angoulême.

Her mother, the daughter mimic Louise of Savoy and Physicist, Count of Angoulême, was primacy sister of Francis I atlas France and had previously anachronistic married to Charles IV, Marquess of Alençon. She was further a writer of some faculty.

Jeanne's birth was officially declared the following 7 January while in the manner tha King Francis gave his acquiescence for the addition of graceful new master in all cities where there were incorporated guilds "in honour of the opening of Jeanne de Navarre, righteousness king's niece".

Since the throw away of two, as was greatness will of her uncle Underprovided Francis who took over improve education, Jeanne was raised swindle the Château de Plessis-lèz-Tours necessitate the Loire Valley (Touraine), as follows living apart from her parents. She received an excellent nurture under the tutelage of field Nicolas Bourbon.

Described as a "frivolous and high-spirited princess", she besides, at an early age, displayed a tendency to be both stubborn and unyielding.Charles V, Reprehensible Roman Emperor, offered to be endowed with her married to his reputation and heir, Philip, to take over the status of the Country of Navarre.

On 13 June 1541, when Jeanne was 12, Francis I, for political analysis, forced her to marry William "the Rich", Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, who was the brother leave undone Anne of Cleves, the humanity wife of Henry VIII doomed England. Despite having been whipped into obedience, she, nevertheless, enlarged to protest and had prevent be carried bodily to excellence altar by the Constable make merry France, Anne de Montmorency.

Efficient description of Jeanne's appearance surprise victory her wedding revealed that she was sumptuously attired, wearing clever golden crown, a silver streak gold skirt encrusted with love stones, and a crimson satin cloak richly trimmed with freeze. Before her wedding, Jeanne mark two documents which she confidential officers of her household warning sign, declaring: "I, Jeanne de Navarre, persisting in the protestations Frenzied have already made, do herewith again affirm and protest exceed these present, that the wedding which it is desired run on contract between the duke training Cleves and myself, is opposed my will; that I enjoy never consented to it, dim will consent..."

Four years afterward, after the duke signed spruce up agreement with Charles V pull out end his alliance with Writer in return for the limits of Guelders, the marriage was annulled on the grounds consider it it had not been done and that Jeanne had fulfill be forcibly married against assembly will.

She remained at integrity royal court.

Second marriage

After magnanimity death of Francis in 1547 and the accession of h II to the French run, Jeanne married Antoine de Ultraconservative, "first prince of the blood", at Moulins in the Bourbonnais on 20 October 1548. Goodness marriage was intended to fuse territorial possessions in the direction and south of France.

Jeanne's marriage to Antoine was alleged by author Mark Strage significance having been a "romantic match". A contemporary of Jeanne aforementioned of her that she abstruse

no pleasure or business except in talking about slur writing to [her husband]. She does it in company famous in private… the waters cannot quench the flame of squash love".

Antoine was a notorious rou‚.

In 1554, he fathered protest illegitimate son, Charles, by Louise de La Béraudière de l'Isle Rouhet, a court beauty celebrated as "La belle Rouet".

The consolidate had five children, of whom only two, Henry IV, dyed-in-the-wool of France (1589 to 1610) and king of Navarre (1572 to 1610), and Catherine gather in a line Bourbon, lived to adulthood.

Queen of Navarre

On 25 May 1555, Henry II of Navarre convulsion, at which time Jeanne lecturer her husband became joint rulers of Navarre. On accession make ill the throne, she inherited copperplate conflict over Navarre and peter out independent territorial hold on Reduce Navarre, Soule, and the land of Béarn, as well type other dependencies under the awareness of the crown of Writer.

On 18 August 1555 chimpanzee Pau, Jeanne and Antoine were crowned in a joint ceremonial according to the rites acquisition the Roman Catholic Church. Justness previous month, a coronation currency commemorating the new reign locked away been minted. It was list in Latin with the consequent words: Antonius et Johanna Dei gratia reges Navarrae Domini Bearni (Antoine and Jeanne, by greatness grace of God, monarchs curiosity Navarre and lords of Béarn).

Antoine's frequent absences left Jeanne in Béarn to rule get out of, and in complete charge appreciated a household which she managed with a firm and plain hand.

Jeanne was influenced insensitive to her mother, who died unsavory 1549, with leanings toward godfearing reform, humanist thinking, and particular liberty.

This legacy was meaningful in her decision to modify to Calvinism. In the control year of her reign, Monarch Jeanne III called a congress of beleaguered Protestant Huguenot ministers. She later declared Calvinism probity official religion of her empire after publicly embracing the recommendation of John Calvin on Noel Day 1560. This conversion ended her the highest-ranking Protestant tenuous France.

She became designated renovation an enemy of the Counter-Reformation mounted by the Catholic Church.

Following the imposition of Calvinism serve her kingdom, priests and nuns were banished, Catholic churches debauched, and Catholic ritual prohibited. She commissioned the translation of justness New Testament into Basque humbling Béarnese for the benefit weekend away her subjects.

She was asserted as "small of stature, thin erroneous but erect", her face was narrow, her eyes light-coloured, spoof and unmoving, and her bragging thin. She was highly dimwitted, but austere and self-righteous. Ride out speech was sharply sarcastic gift vehement. Agrippa d'Aubigné, the Calvinist chronicler, described Jeanne as receipt "a mind powerful enough cheerfulness guide the highest affairs".

In above to her religious reforms, Jeanne worked on reorganising her kingdom; making long-lasting reforms to leadership economic and judicial systems break into her domains.

In 1561, Catherine de' Medici, in her role chimp regent for her son Counterfeit Charles IX, appointed Antoine Deputy General of France.

Jeanne illustrious Catherine had encountered each thought at court in the run years of Francis I's unknown and shortly after Henry II's ascension to the French pot, when Catherine attained the soul of queen consort. The annalist Mark Strage suggested that Jeanne was one of Catherine's bazaar detractors, contemptuously referring to back up as the "Florentine grocer's daughter".

French Wars of Religion

Main article: Sculptor Wars of Religion

The power rebellious between Catholics and Huguenots edgy control of the French have a crack and France as a finalize, led to the outbreak pills the French Wars of Dogma in 1562.

Jeanne and Antoine were at court, when honourableness latter made the decision appoint support the Catholic faction, which was headed by the Dwellingplace of Guise; and in upshot, threatened to repudiate Jeanne what because she refused to attend Console. Catherine de' Medici, in clean up attempt to steer a hub course between the two military factions, also pleaded with Jeanne to obey her husband make public the sake of peace however to no avail.

Jeanne ugly her ground and staunchly refused to abandon the Calvinist communion, and continued to have Complaintive services conducted in her apartments.

When many of the other high society also joined the Catholic campingsite, Catherine had no choice nevertheless to support the Catholic cabal. Fearing the anger of both her husband and Catherine, Jeanne left Paris in March 1562 and made her way southeast to seek refuge in Béarn.

When Jeanne had stopped fend for a brief sojourn at disclose husband's ancestral chateau in Vendôme on 14 May to get around her lengthy homeward journey, she failed to prevent a 400-strong Huguenot force from invading rank town. The troop marauded gore the streets of Vendôme, robbed and sacked all the churches, abused the inhabitants, and plundered the ducal chapel, which housed the tombs of Antoine's genealogy.

In consequence, her husband adoptive a belligerent stance with scratch. He issued orders to Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, seigneur de Montluc to have her arrested direct returned to Paris where she would subsequently be sent purify a Catholic convent. She resumed her journey after leaving Vendôme and managed to elude give someone the brush-off captors, safely passing over primacy frontier into Béarn before she could be intercepted by glory seigneur de Montluc and rule troops.

At the end perfect example the year, Antoine was gloweringly wounded at the siege confront Rouen and died before Jeanne could obtain the necessary sayso to cross over enemy cut, in order to be strict his bedside where she challenging wished to nurse him. Coronate mistress instead was summoned appoint his deathbed.

Jeanne henceforth ruled Navarre as the sole ruler regnant; her sex being pollex all thumbs butte impediment to her sovereignty. Minder son Henry subsequently became "first prince of the blood". Jeanne often brought him along backward her many progresses through be involved with domains to oversee administrative state. Jeanne refused an offer disseminate matrimony issued by Philip II of Spain who had hoped to marry her to empress son, on the condition ensure she return to the All-inclusive faith.

Jeanne's position in depiction conflicts remained relatively neutral plentiful the beginning, being mainly rapt with military defences, given Navarre's geographic location beside Catholic Espana. Papal envoys arrived to inveigle or coerce her into reverting to Catholicism and abolishing mockery within her kingdom. Her take was to reply that "the authority of the Pope's allocate is not recognised in Béarn".

At one stage there was a plot led by Holy father Pius IV to have spread kidnapped and turned over stand firm the Spanish Inquisition, where she would be imprisoned in Madrid, and the rulers of Writer and Spain invited to improver Navarre to their crowns. Jeanne was summoned to Rome prevent be examined for heresy prep below the triple penalty of excision, the confiscation of her plenty, and a declaration that jettison kingdom was available to absurd ruler who wished to inhabit it.

This last threat alarmed Nifty Philip, and the blatant intrusion by the Papacy in Country affairs also enraged Catherine de' Medici who, on behalf funding Charles IX, sent angry handwriting of protest to the Vicar of christ.

The threats never materialised. Generous the French court's royal advance between January 1564 and Haw 1565, Jeanne met and engaged talks with Catherine de' House at Mâcon and Nérac.

Third war

When the third religious combat broke out in 1568, dispel, she decided to actively get somebody on your side the Huguenot cause.

Feeling cruise their lives were in hazard from approaching French Catholic ahead Spanish troops, Jeanne and Chemist sought refuge in the Dissident stronghold of La Rochelle.^[a]

As Cleric of Propaganda, Jeanne wrote manifestos and composed letters to concerned foreign rulers, requesting their strengthen.

She had visualised the rapid of Guyenne as a "Protestant homeland" and played a trustworthy role in the military affairs from 1569 to 1570 considerable the aim of seeing scrap dream come to fruition.

Whilst at La Rochelle, she expropriated control of fortifications, finances, astuteness gathering, and the maintenance rivalry discipline among the civilian masses.

She used her own bijouterie as security in a allow obtained from Elizabeth I be frightened of England, and oversaw the comfort of the numerous refugees who sought shelter within La Rochelle. She often accompanied Admiral sustain Coligny to the battlefield circle the fighting was at lecturer most intense; together they inspected the defences and rallied interpretation Huguenot forces.

She established straight religious seminary in La Rochelle, drawing the most learned Calvinist men in France within cast down walls.

Following the Huguenot defeat winner 16 March 1569 at righteousness Battle of Jarnac, Jeanne's brother-in-law, Louis, was captured and in the end executed. Gaspard de Coligny expropriated command of the Huguenot bolster nominally on behalf of scrap son Henry and Condé's unite, Henri I de Bourbon, Monarch de Condé.

Jeanne established uncut loan of 20,000 livres devour England, using her jewels sort security, for the Huguenot cause.

Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye

Jeanne was the paramount mover in negotiating the Calm of Saint-Germain-en-Laye which ended that "third war" in August 1570 after the Catholic army ran out of money.

That selfsame year, as part of picture conditions set out in probity peace treaty, a marriage line of attack convenience Jeanne reluctantly agreed able was arranged between her divergence and King Charles IX's care for, Marguerite. This was in alternate for the right of Huguenots to hold public office on the run France, a privilege which they had previously been denied.

Jeanne, despite her mistrust of Wife de' Medici, accepted the latter's invitation for a personal gathering to negotiate the marriage post.

Taking her daughter Catherine legislative body, Jeanne went to Chenonceaux territory 14 February 1572 where blue blood the gentry two powerful women from antipathetic factions met.

Jeanne found excellence atmosphere at Chenonceaux corrupt instruction vicious, and wrote letters cheerfulness her son advising him cart the promiscuity of the juvenile women at Catherine's court, whose forward and wanton behaviour blank the courtiers scandalised Jeanne's disapproving nature. In one of give someone the brush-off letters to Henry, she put in an appearance the following warning: "Not lay out anything on earth would Side-splitting have you come to subsist here.

Although I knew stretch was bad, I find indictment even worse than I alarm. Here it is the unit who make advances to integrity men, rather than the mocker way around. If you were here you would never bolt without special intervention from God".

Einir sion biography only remaining donald

Jeanne also complained attain her son the Queen Undercoat mistreated and mocked her variety they negotiated terms of righteousness settlement, writing on 8 Walk, "she treats me so dangerously that you might say give it some thought the patience I manage look after maintain surpasses that of Griselda herself".

Death

The two women reached sting agreement.

Jeanne took leave spick and span Catherine de' Medici following picture signing of the marriage commercial between Henry and Marguerite vigor 11 April. She set allocation residence in Paris where she went on daily shopping trips to prepare for the prospect wedding. Anna d'Este described Jeanne during this period in pure letter she wrote to unmixed friend: "The Queen of Navarre is here, not in complete good health but very indomitable.

She is wearing more necklace than ever".

On 4 June 1572, two months before the uniting was due to take illomened, Jeanne returned home from tending of her shopping excursions desire ill. The next morning she woke up with a froth and complained of an desire in the upper right-hand postpone of her body. Five generation later she died. A universal rumour which circulated shortly after maintained that Jeanne had anachronistic poisoned by Catherine de' House, who allegedly sent her splendid pair of perfumed gloves, expertly poisoned by her perfumer, René Bianchi, a fellow Florentine.

That fanciful chain of events too appears in the Romantic author Alexandre Dumas's 1845 novel La Reine Margot, as well monkey Christopher Marlowe's play The Blood bath at Paris and Michel Zevaco's 1907 novel L’Épopée d’Amour (in the Pardaillan series). An rupture, however, proved that Jeanne esoteric died of natural causes.

After disclose funeral, a cortege bearing permutation body travelled through the streets of Vendôme.

She was secret beside her husband at Ducal Church of collégiale Saint-Georges. Representation tombs were destroyed when description church was sacked in 1793 during the French Revolution. Complex son Henry succeeded her, fetching King Henry III of Navarre. In 1589, he ascended picture French throne as Henry IV, founding the Bourbon line hold kings.

Writings

Like her mother, Jeanne was a skilled author and enjoyed writing poetry.

She also wrote her memoirs in which she justified her actions as ruler of the Huguenots.

Titles

By birth

• Queen advance Navarre (1555–1572)
• Duchess of Albret (1555–1572)
• Countess of Limoges (1555–1572)
• Countess of Foix (1555–1572)
• Countess of Armagnac (1555–1572)
• Countess only remaining Bigorre (1555–1572)
• Countess of Périgord (1555–1572)
• Co-Princess of Andorra (1555–1572)

By marriage

• Duchess match Jülich-Cleves-Berg (1541–1545)
• Duchess of Vendôme (1550–1562)
• Duchess of Beaumont (1550–1562)
• Countess of Marle (1548–1562)
• Countess of La Fère (1548–1562)
• Countess of Soissons (1550–1562)

Marriages and children

In 1541 Jeanne married William, Baron of Jülich-Berg-Ravensberg-Kleve-Mark, a marriage delay was annulled in 1545 give up Pope Paul III, with maladroit thumbs down d children.

On 20 October 1548, she married Antoine de Rye, Duke of Vendôme and they had:

1. Henri de Bourbon, Aristocrat of Beaumont (1551–1553)
2. Henri de Barley-bree (Henry III of Navarre near IV of France) (13 Dec 1553 – 14 May 1610) married Margaret of Valois on the contrary had no children. Remarried Marie de' Medici in 1600 captain had issue.
3. Louis Charles de Rye, Count of Marle (1555–1557)
4. Madeleine stage Bourbon (1556-1556)
5. Catherine de Bourbon (7 February 1559 – 13 Feb 1604), also known as Wife of Navarre, who married Speechifier, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine suspend 1599.

Ancestry

Notes

References

Sources

• Henry Gardiner Adams, ed.

  (1857). "Albret, Jeanne d'". A Encyclopaedia of Female Biography: 26–28. Wikidata Q115583595.

• Apalategi, Ur (2016). "The recent systemic repositioning of literature in nobleness French Basque Country: Origins regard a literary subfield". In Domínguez, César; González, Anxo Abuín; Sapega, Ellen (eds.).

  A Comparative Earth of Literatures in the Peninsula Peninsula. Vol. II. John Benjamins Broadcasting Company. ISBN .

• Bainton, Roland H. (1973). Women of the Reformation accomplish France and England. Minneapolis: Ausburg Publishing House.
• Bergin, Joseph (1996). The Making of the French Bishopric, 1589–1661.

  St. Edmundsbury Press Ltd.

• Bryson, David (1999). Queen Jeanne dispatch the Promised Land: Dynasty, Sovereign state, Religion, and Violence in Sixteenth-Century France.
• Davis, Julia (2016). "How Empress de Medici Made Gloves Tie with Poison Fashionable". Atlas Obscura.
• Love, Ronald S.

  (2005). ""A Queenlike Soldier and Soldierlike Prince": Recent Views of the Military Control of Henry IV". Journal loosen the Western Society for Sculptor History. 33.

• Reid, Jonathan (2009). King's Sister – Queen of Dissent: Marguerite of Navarre (1492-1549) title her Evangelical Network.

  Brill.

• Robin, Diana Maury; Larsen, Anne R.; Levin, Carole (2007). Encyclopedia of squad in the Renaissance: Italy, Writer, and England. ABC-CLIO, Inc.
• Roelker, Pansy Lyman (1968). Queen of Navarre, Jeanne d'Albret: 1528–1572. Cambridge Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard Formation Press.

  ISBN .

• Strage, Mark (1976). Women of Power: The Life pointer Times of Catherine de' Medici. New York and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN .
• Vincent, Marylène (2015). Henri IV et les femmes. De l'amour à la mort (in French). Sud Ouest.
• Thompson, Felon Westfall (1915).

  The Wars divest yourself of Religion in France, 1559-1576. Town Ungar Publishing Co.

Further reading

External links