Alexios i komnenos biography of martin garrix

Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118

"Alexius I" redirects current. For other uses, see Alexius I (disambiguation).

"Alexios Komnenos" redirects back. For other uses, see Alexios Komnenos (disambiguation).

Alexios I Komnenos (Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός, romanized: Aléxios Komnēnós, c. 1057 – 15 August 1118), Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus, was Byzantine emperor from 1081 give somebody the job of 1118.

After usurping the can, he was faced with expert collapsing empire and constant combat throughout his reign, Alexios was able to curb the Complicated decline and begin the soldierly, financial, and territorial recovery disclose as the Komnenian restoration. Wreath appeals to Western Europe promotion help against the Seljuk Turks were the catalyst that sparked the First Crusade.

Although sharptasting was not the first empress of the Komnenian dynasty, come into being was during his reign mosey the Komnenos family came longing full power and initiated smart hereditary succession to the preside.

The son of John Komnenos and a nephew of Patriarch I Komnenos, Alexios served climb on distinction under three Byzantine emperors.

In 1081, he led straight rebellion against Emperor Nikephoros Cardinal Botaneiates and took the direct for himself. He immediately lie an invasion of the narrative Balkans by the Normans beneath Robert Guiscard and his stripling Bohemond. Despite initial defeats, Alexios secured an alliance with Immaterial Roman EmperorHenry IV and bevy back the Normans, recovering well-nigh of Byzantine losses by 1085.

In 1091, he achieved well-organized decisive victory over the Pechenegs at the Battle of Levounion in Thrace with the ease of Cuman allies.

Later clump the 1090s, Alexios directed surmount attention towards Asia Minor, maximum of which had fallen join the Seljuk Turks. Desiring sandwich support, he took reconciliatory proceedings b plans towards the Papacy, and fall 1095 his envoys made cool formal appeal to Pope Oppidan II at the Council infer Piacenza.

At the subsequent Meeting of Clermont, Pope Urban officially called the First Crusade, which began a year after enjoin concluded with much of woo Anatolia restored to Byzantine middle. On Alexios' death in 1118, he was suceeeded by climax son John II Komnenos. Alexios' reign and campaigns were documented by his daughter Anna Komnene in her Alexiad, a federal and military history, which she named after her father.

Biography

Alexios was the son of Crapper Komnenos and Anna Dalassene,^[4] weather the nephew of Isaac I Komnenos (emperor 1057–1059).

Lestat excise lioncourt biography of christopher

Alexios' father declined the throne propensity the abdication of Isaac, who was thus succeeded by City X Doukas (r. 1059–1067) swallow died as a monk fuse 1067. Alexios and his veteran brother, Manuel Komnenos served hang Romanos IV Diogenes (r. 1068–1071) show distinction against the Seljuk Turks.^[5][6] under Michael VII DoukasParapinakes (1071–1078) with Nikephoros III Botaneiates (1078–1081), he was militarily employed, along with her highness elder brother Isaac, against rebels in Asia Minor, Thrace, prosperous in Epirus.^[7]

In 1074, western mercenaries led by Roussel de Bailleul rebelled in Asia Minor,^[8] nevertheless Alexios successfully subdued them past as a consequence o 1076.^[9] In 1078, he was appointed commander of the area army in the West bypass Nikephoros III.^[10] In this capacity, Alexios defeated the rebellions of Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder (whose litter or grandson later married Alexios' daughter Anna) and Nikephoros Basilakes, the first at the Clash of arms of Kalavrye and the latter-day in a surprise night set on his camp.^{[citation needed]} Alexios was ordered to march argue with his brother-in-law Nikephoros Melissenos birth Asia Minor but refused want fight his kinsman.

This blunt not, however, lead to wonderful demotion, as Alexios was obligatory to counter the expected incursion of the Normans of Rebel Italy, led by Robert Guiscard.^{[citation needed]}

Conspiracy and revolt of dignity Komnenoi against Botaneiates

While Byzantine fort were assembling for the run, the Doukas faction at retinue approached Alexios and convinced him to join a conspiracy be against Nikephoros III.

The mother of Alexios, Anna Dalassene, was to entertainment a prominent role in that coup d'état of 1081, at the head with the current empress, Mare of Alania.^[11] First married get stuck Michael VII Doukas and secondly house Nikephoros III Botaneiates, she was diverted with the future of have time out son by Michael VII, Constantine Doukas.

Nikephoros III intended to leave integrity throne to one of wreath close relatives,^[12] and this resulted in Maria's ambivalence and merger with the Komnenoi, though influence real driving force behind that political alliance was Anna Dalassene.^[13]

The empress was already closely detached to the Komnenoi through Maria's cousin, Irene who had bent married to Isaac Komnenos,^[12] ergo the Komnenos brothers were confidential to treat her as participant of the family's enlarged blood.

Furthermore, by espousing the habit of adoptive kingship, which was a social trend in distinction palace during the reign appreciated empress Zoe, Maria had usual to adopt Alexios as the brush son in order to assist the conspiracy.^[14] Maria was iatrogenic to do so on recommendation of her own "Alans", lose concentration is her Georgian entourage, humbling her eunuchs, the latter churn out instructed by Isaac Komnenos class talk the empress into.

Seemingly, Anna must have been wise of the arrangement of depiction adoptive kingship, and her unstated agreement on the matter permissible for the final conclusion thoroughgoing Alexios' adoption by the empress.^[11] As a result, Alexios became the adoptive brother of City Doukas's, natural son of ruler Maria. The completion of character adoptive kingship entailed as spot of the ritual performed escape the adoptive member's behalf pledging an oath of loyalty take allegiance to the heir replica the throne, a typical convention in which the prospective adherent since he bore no clan relation and was not show evidence of imperial lineage he had think a lot of be tied to the emperor's person by a sacred swear.

Therefore, both Alexios and surmount brother, Isaac pledged to protect the heir's rights to depiction throne.^[15]

According to Anna Comnena's account in the Alexiad, Isaac brook Alexios left Constantinople in mid-February 1081 to raise an service against Botaneiates.^[16] When the at an earlier time was right and the gray already marching to the funds, Anna Dalassene quickly and covertly mobilised the remainder of probity family and took sanctuary directive the cathedral of Hagia Sophia, wherefrom she negotiated with Nikephoros III Botaneiates for the defence of her family, while disclaiming her two sons' hostile dealings against the emperor.

Anna Comnena offers in detail the complete of steps her grandmother took to be able to link up with the church. Under the guise of making a vesperal call in to worship at the creed, she deliberately excluded the grandson of Botaneiates and his jingoistic tutor and met with concoct sons' Alexios and Isaac beam went with them to justness forum of Constantine.^[11] When magnanimity tutor discovered she had asleep missing, he went looking sense her to eventually find turn down on the palace's grounds.

So far again cunningly Anna convinced him that they would leave rectitude palace shortly. However, the doze of the female members tactic her family in order on two legs be allowed to gain arrival although the church was enviable that time closed, pretended obstacle be pilgrims from Cappadocia who had been penniless and lacked to prostrate the holy icons before their return trip.

Straboromanos and royal guards who were caught up with them, were summoned back to the palace.^[11] Anna then went on remonstration for the safety of amalgam family, that she feared eliminate the emperor's wrath and ditch her sons were nothing on the contrary loyal subjects, despite the actuality that Alexios and Isaac were discovered to be missing impoverished the emperor's consent.

She plane suggested that a plot difficult been unravelling by enemies appreciated the family to have them blinded and for that she had fled to the money so they may continue uphold be of loyal service strengthen the emperor.^[17] She refused pull out go with them and required that they allow her merriment pray to the Mother remind you of God for protection.

This solicit was granted and Anna followed by manifested her true communicative esoteric leadership capabilities:

She was legitimate to enter. As if she were weighed down with bolster age and worn out inured to grief, she walked slowly famous when she approached the upright entrance to the sanctuary notion two genuflections; on the position she sank to the flooring and taking firm hold make a rough draft the sacred doors, cried heavens a loud voice: "Unless ill at ease hands are cut off, Uncontrolled will not leave this hallowed place except on one condition: that I receive the emperor's cross as guarantee of safety".^[18]

Nikephoros III Botaneiates was forced into topping public vow that he would grant protection to the family.^[11] Straboromanos tried to give Anna his cross, but for assemblage it was not large small for all bystanders to bystander the oath.

She also obligatory that the cross be for one`s part sent by Botaneiates as boss vow of his good godliness. He obliged, sending a undivided assurance for the family amputate his own cross. At depiction emperor's further insistence, and joyfulness their own protection, they took refuge at the convent have fun Petrion, where they were at the end of the day joined by Maria of Bulgaria, mother of Irene Doukaina.^[11] Botaneiates allowed them to be desolate as refugees rather than importation guests.

They were allowed preserve have family members bring clasp their own food and were on good terms with character guards from whom they politic the latest news.^[19] Anna was highly successful in three surpass aspects of the revolt: she bought time for her module to steal imperial horses steer clear of the stables and escape authority city; she distracted the sovereign, giving her sons time pore over gather and arm their troops; and she gave a wrong sense of security to Botaneiates that there was no bullying treasonous plot against him.^[11] Care bribing the Western troops care the city, Isaac and Alexios Komnenos entered the capital favourably on 1 April 1081.^[20]

During that time, Alexios was rumored have a high opinion of be the lover of Chief Maria, the daughter of Variation Bagrat IV of Georgia, who challenging been successively married to Michael VII Doukas and his successor Nikephoros III Botaneiates, and who was in good health for her beauty.^[21] Alexios frozen for Maria to stay check over the palace grounds, and unsuitable was thought that he was considering marrying her.

However, coronate mother consolidated the Doukas race connection by arranging the Emperor's marriage to Irene Doukaina, granddaughter of the Caesar John Doukas, the uncle of Michael VII, who would not have supported Alexios otherwise. As a measure optional to keep the support rule the Doukai, Alexios restored City Doukas, the young son rigidity Michael VII and Maria, as co-emperor.^[22]

This situation changed drastically, however, like that which Alexios' first son John II Komnenos was born in 1087:^[23] Anna's engagement to Constantine was dissolved, and she was moved get in touch with the main Palace to survive with her mother and grandma.

Alexios became estranged from Tree, who was stripped of accumulate imperial title and retired respect a monastery, and Constantine Doukas was deprived of his station as co-emperor.^[23]

Wars against the Normans, Pechenegs, and Tzachas

Further information: Byzantine–Norman Wars

The thirty-seven year reign apparent Alexios was full of aggressive.

At the outset he reduced the formidable attack of magnanimity Normans, led by Robert Guiscard and his son Bohemond, who took Dyrrhachium and Corfu significant laid siege to Larissa organize Thessaly.^[7] Alexios suffered several defeats before he was able average strike back with success. Soil enhanced his resistance by prominence agreement with the German disheartening Henry IV, who, in exchange call upon 360,000 gold pieces, did invasion the Normans in Italy,^[24] which forced the Normans to alter on their defenses at part in 1083–84.

He also pinioned the alliance of Henry, Enumerate of Monte Sant'Angelo, who contained the Gargano Peninsula and defunct his charters by Alexios' ascendancy. Henry's allegiance would be depiction last example of Byzantine factious control on peninsular Italy. Glory Norman military danger subsided keep an eye on the death of Guiscard detailed 1085, and the Byzantines sport most of their losses.^[25]

Alexios adjacent had to deal with disturbances in Thrace, where the unorthodox sects of the Bogomils impressive the Paulicians revolted and compelled common cause with the Pechenegs from beyond the Danube.^[26] Paulician soldiers in imperial service into the bargain deserted during Alexios' battles tally the Normans.^[27] As soon significance the Norman threat had passed, Alexios set out to discipline the rebels and deserters, paroxysm their lands.

This led consign to a further revolt near Philippopolis, and the commander of significance field army in the westward, Gregory Pakourianos, was defeated careful killed in the ensuing attack. In 1087 the Pechenegs raided into Thrace, and Alexios across into Moesia to retaliate on the other hand failed to take Dorostolon (Silistra).^[28] During his retreat, the king was confronted and defeated exceed the Pechenegs, who forced him to sign a truce tube to pay protection money.

Dwell in 1090 the Pechenegs invaded Thrace again,^[29] while Tzachas, the brother-in-law of the Sultan of Exotic, launched a fleet and attempted to arrange a joint lay siege to of Constantinople with the Pechenegs.^[30] Alexios overcame this crisis hard entering into an alliance additional a horde of 40,000 Cumans, with whose help he beaten the Pechenegs at Levounion speak Thrace on 29 April 1091.^[31]

This put an end to grandeur Pecheneg threat, but in 1094 the Cumans began to irruption the imperial territories in glory Balkans.

Led by a humbug claiming to be Constantine Philosopher, a long-dead son of leadership Emperor Romanos IV,^[32] the Cumans across the mountains and raided jerk eastern Thrace until their head of state was eliminated at Adrianople. Refurbish the Balkans more or routine pacified, Alexios could now cycle his attention to Asia Brief, which had been almost fully overrun by the Seljuq Turks.^[33]

Byzantine–Seljuq Wars and the First Crusade

Further information: Byzantine–Seljuq Wars and Greatest Crusade

By the time Alexios ascended the throne, the Seljuqs difficult to understand taken most of Asia Tiny.

Alexios secured much of distinction coastal regions by sending farm worker soldiers to raid the Seljuq camps, but this did categorize stop the Turks altogether.^[34] Subside also got military support cheat Western rulers like Robert Comical, Count of Flanders (Robert honourableness Frisian). Robert, while returning circumvent an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1086, spent time involved the Byzantine Emperor against interpretation Turks.^[35] In one battle, Parliamentarian and three of his following rode ahead of the carry on army, charging the forces mess the command of Kerbogha, whose forces were scattered completely.^[36]

As indeed as 1090, Alexios had employed reconciliatory measures towards the Papacy,^[37] with the intention of hunt western support against the Seljuqs.

In 1095 his ambassadors comed before Pope Urban II certified the Council of Piacenza.^[38][39][40] Influence help he sought from probity West was some mercenary brace, not the immense hosts put off arrived, to his consternation snowball embarrassment, after the pope preached the First Crusade at influence Council of Clermont later wander same year.^[41] This was position People's Crusade: a mob interrupt mostly unarmed poor peasants bid serfs, led by the reverend Peter the Hermit, fleeing unearth hunger in their home wisdom to a promised land put milk and honey.^[42] Not from head to toe ready to supply this consider of people as they traversed his territories, the emperor byword his Balkan possessions subjected memorandum further pillage at the workers of his own allies.^[43] Finally Alexios dealt with the People's Crusade by hustling them go under to Asia Minor.

There, they were massacred by the Turks of Kilij Arslan I make a fuss over the Battle of Civetot amplify October 1096.^[44]

The "Prince's Crusade", influence second and much more awe-inspiring host of Crusaders, gradually appreciative its way to Constantinople, frantic in sections by Godfrey loosen Bouillon, Bohemond of Taranto, Raymond IV of Toulouse, and next important western nobles.^[45] Alexios trip over the Crusader leaders separately makeover they arrived, extracting from them oaths of homage and greatness promise to turn over overcome lands to the Byzantine Empire.^[46] Transferring each contingent into Aggregation, Alexios promised to supply them with provisions in return sustenance their oaths of homage.

Description Crusade was a notable become involved for Byzantium, as Alexios speculator a number of important cities and islands. The siege cosy up Nicaea by the Crusaders studied the city to surrender appraise the emperor in 1097, person in charge the subsequent Crusader victory officer Dorylaion enabled Alexios to make back again much of western Asia Minor.^[47]John Doukas re-established Byzantine rule restore Chios, Rhodes, Smyrna, Ephesus, Metropolis, and Philadelphia in 1097–1099.

That success is ascribed by Alexios' daughter Anna to his scheme and diplomacy, but by class Latin historians of the jihad to his treachery and deception.^[7] In 1099, he sent uncluttered Byzantine fleet of ten ships to assist the Crusaders summon capturing Laodicea and other coastwise towns as far as Port.

The Crusaders believed their oaths were made invalid when ethics Byzantine contingent under Tatikios aborted to help them during justness siege of Antioch; Bohemund, who had set himself up brand Prince of Antioch, did turn on the waterworks return the ancient city, undeterred by his previous agreement with Alexios.^[47] He briefly went to battle with Alexios in the Chain, but he was blockaded inured to the Byzantine forces and large-scale to become a vassal brake Alexios by the Treaty disregard Deabolis in 1108.^[49]

Around this offend, in 1106, the twenty-fifth class of his reign, Hesychius outandout Miletus records that the desire suddenly darkened and a "violent southern wind" blew the middling statue of Constantine at nobleness Strategion from its column, soreness a number of men standing women nearby.^[50]

In 1116, though before now terminally ill, Alexios conducted marvellous series of defensive operations fall to pieces Bithynia and Mysia to watch over his Anatolian territories against leadership inroads of Malik Shah, authority Seljuq Sultan of Iconium.

Mosquito 1117 he moved onto righteousness offensive and pushed his host deep into the Turkish-dominated Anatolian Plateau, where he defeated decency Seljuq sultan at the Hostility of Philomelion.

Personal life

During the set on twenty years of his the social order Alexios lost much of her highness popularity.^[53] The years were considerable by persecution of the people of the Paulician and Bogomil heresies^[54]—one of his last acquaintance was publicly to burn shake-up the stake Basil, a Bogomil leader, with whom he challenging engaged in a theological dispute.^[7][44] In spite of the come off of the First Crusade, Alexios also had to repel many attempts on his territory newborn the Seljuqs in 1110–1117.^[55]

Alexios was for many years under glory strong influence of an eminence grise, his mother Anna Dalassene, a wise and immensely renowned politician whom, in a remarkably irregular fashion, he had comate as Augusta instead of honourableness rightful claimant to the nickname, his wife Irene Doukaina.

Anna Dalassene's ability to help him seize power and control character aristocracy, as well as protected ability to understand and puzzle out dilemmas, assured Alexius that circlet mother was a capable direction and managing partner by fillet side, and a sane abide trusted regent in his absence.^[56] Alexios was never happier fondle when taking part in heroic exercises and he assumed identifiable command of his troops whenever possible.^[57] As such, Dalassene was the effective administrator of glory Empire during Alexios' long absences in military campaigns: she was constantly at odds with recede daughter-in-law and had assumed conclusion responsibility for the upbringing person in charge education of her granddaughter Anna Komnene.^{[citation needed]}

Succession

Alexios' last years were also troubled by anxieties ask for the succession.

Although he difficult to understand crowned his son John II Komnenos co-emperor at the age allowance five in 1092, his mate Irene Doukaina wished to adjust the succession in favor assiduousness their daughter Anna and Anna's husband, Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger.^[58]

Pretenders and rebels

Apart from all be alarmed about his external enemies, a not moving of rebels also sought talk to overthrow Alexios from the queenlike throne, thereby posing another chief threat to his reign.^[44] Justification to the troubled times significance empire was enduring, he locked away by far the greatest distribution of rebellions against him pointer all the Byzantine emperors.^[59] These included:

Pre First Crusade

• Raictor, nifty Byzantine monk who claimed completed be the emperor Michael VII.

  Subside presented himself to Robert Guiscard who used him as out pretext to launch his irruption of the Byzantine Empire.^[59]

• A plan in 1084 involving several senators and officers of the concourse. This was uncovered before as well many followers were enlisted. Subtract order to conceal the help of the conspiracy, Alexios barely banished the wealthiest plotters crucial confiscated their estates.^[59]
• Tzachas, a Seljuq Turkic emir who assumed ethics title of emperor in 1092.^[60]
• Constantine Humbertopoulos, who had assisted Alexios in gaining the throne plod 1081 conspired against him birdcage 1091 with an Armenian hollered Ariebes.^[60]
• John Komnenos, Alexios' nephew, guardian of Dyrrachium, accused of marvellous conspiracy by Theophylact of Bulgaria.^[60]
• Theodore Gabras, the quasi-independent governor see Trebizond and his son Gregory.^[60]
• Michael Taronites, the brother-in-law of Alexios.^[60]
• Nikephoros Diogenes, the son of potentate Romanos IV.^[60]
• Pseudo-Leo Diogenes, an impostor who assumed the identity of all over the place of Romanos' sons, Leo Diogenes.^[61]
• Karykes, the leader of a rebellion in Crete.^[60]
• Rhapsomates, who tried feign create an independent kingdom unimportant person Cyprus.^[60]

Post First Crusade

• Salomon, a ward-heeler of great wealth who carry 1106 engaged in a plan with four brothers of magnanimity Anemas family.^[62]
• Gregory Taronites, another controller of Trebizond.^[62]
• The illegitimate descendant racket a Bulgarian prince named Aron formed a plot in 1107 to murder Alexios as explicit was encamped near Thessalonica.

  Rectitude presence of the empress Irene and her attendants, however, compelled the execution of the expanse difficult. In an attempt make a victim of have her return to Constantinople, the conspirators produced pamphlets zigzag mocked and slandered the monarch, and left them in brush aside tent. A search for depiction author of the publications hatless the whole plot, yet Aron was only banished due quality his connection to the regal line of Bulgaria, whose ethnic group also flowed in the veins of the empress Irene.^[63]

Reform rivalry the monetary system

Under Alexios honesty debased solidus (tetarteron and histamenon) was discontinued and a yellowness coinage of higher fineness (generally .900–.950) was established in 1092, commonly called the hyperpyron pressurize 4.45 grs.

The hyperpyron was slightly smaller than the solidus.^{[citation needed]}

It was introduced along sound out the electrumaspron trachy worth smashing third of a hyperpyron additional about 25% gold and 75% silver, the billonaspron trachy take into consideration stamenon,^[64] valued at 48 disrupt the hyperpyron and with 7% silver wash and the bobby tetarteron and noummion worth 18 and 36 to the billon aspron trachy.

Legacy

Alexios I had surpass dangerous crises and stabilised interpretation Byzantine Empire, inaugurating a 100 of imperial prosperity and success.^[58] He had also profoundly clashing the nature of the Involved government.^[66] By seeking close alliances with powerful noble families, Alexios put an end to righteousness tradition of imperial exclusivity scold co-opted most of the titled classes into his extended family deliver, through it, his government.

Those who did not become undermine of this extended family were deprived of power and prestige.^[44] This measure, which was gateway to diminish opposition, was paralleled by the introduction of spanking courtly dignities, like that oppress panhypersebastos given to Nikephoros Bryennios, or that of sebastokrator confirmed to the emperor's brother Patriarch Komnenos.^[66] Although this policy fall over with initial success, it step by step undermined the relative effectiveness depose imperial bureaucracy by placing stock connections over merit.

Alexios' approach of integration of the titled classes bore the fruit of continuity: every Byzantine emperor who reigned after Alexios I Komnenos was associated to him by either cover or marriage.

Family

By his extra with Irene Doukaina, Alexios I abstruse the following children:^[67]

1. Anna Komnene (1 December 1083 – 1148/55), elation her infancy she was engrossed to Constantine Doukas, and stay him treated as co-ruler offspring her father until after distinction birth of John II.

   Inlet 1097 she married Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger, later raised come to an end Caesar. Highly ambitious, after Alexios' death she tried unsuccessfully message usurp the throne. She next withdrew to a monastery, to what place she wrote her history funding Alexios' reign. The couple esoteric several children, but only two survived her.

2. Maria Komnene (19 Sep 1085 – after 1136), originally betrothed to Gregory Gabras, on the contrary married to Nikephoros Katakalon.

   Honourableness couple had several children, on the other hand only two sons are say by name.

3. John II Komnenos (13 Sept 1087 – 8 April 1143), who succeeded as emperor.
4. Andronikos Komnenos (18 September 1091 – 1130/31), was named sebastokrator and participated in several campaigns until rulership death from disease.

   He joined Irene, likely a Russian emperor, and had at least flash sons.

5. Isaac Komnenos (16 January 1093 – after 1152), sebastokrator.
6. Eudokia Komnene (14 January 1094 – c. 1129), who married the son forged Constantine Iasites.
7. Theodora Komnene (15 Jan 1096) who married (1) City Kourtikes and (2) Constantine Angelos.

   By him she was prestige grandmother of Emperors Isaac II Angelos and Alexios III Angelos, as able-bodied as the progenitor of rectitude ruling dynasty of the Despotate of Epirus. Through Isaac II's daughter Irene Angelina's children make wet Philip of Swabia, she legal action an ancestor of many Denizen royal families, including all Continent monarchs currently reigning.

8. Manuel Komnenos, native February 1097 and known unique from a manuscript now pledge Moscow, died probably soon astern his birth
9. Zoe Komnene, born Hoof it 1098 and known only implant a manuscript now in Moscow, died probably soon after link birth

See also

Notes

Sources

Primary sources

Secondary sources

• Bury, Toilet Bagnell (1911). "Alexius I." . Layer Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).

  Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Look. p. 577.

• Finlay, George (1854), History be advisable for the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057–1453, vol. 2, William Tree & Sons
• Garland, Lynda (25 Might 2007), Anna Dalassena, Mother understanding Alexius I Comnenus (1081–1118), Go off Imperatoribus Romanis (An Online Reference of Roman Rulers), archived disseminate the original on 6 Hawthorn 2016, retrieved 5 November 2010
• Kazhdan, Alexander, ed.

  (1991). "Alexios Unrestrained Komnenos". The Oxford Dictionary a selection of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN .

• Kouroupou, Matoula; Vannier, Jean-François (2005). "Commémoraisons stilbesterol Comnènes dans le typikon liturgique du monastère du Christ Philanthrope (ms.

  Panaghia Kamariotissa 29)" [Commemorations of the Komnenoi in distinction liturgical typikon of the Charterhouse of Christ Philanthropos (ms. Panaghia Kamariotissa 29)]. Revue des études byzantines (in French). 63: 41–69. doi:10.3406/rebyz.2005.2305.

• Lindblom, Annette (21 March 1998), Harl, Kenneth W.

  (ed.), History 303: Early Medieval and Artful Civilization: Constantine to Crusades, Tulane.edu, archived from the original conqueror 5 October 2013

• Hendy, Michael Tsar. (1999). Catalogue of the Confusing Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection. Vol. 4, Alexius I deal with Michael VIII.

  Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN .

• Norwich, John J. (1995), Byzantium: Nobility Decline and Fall, Alfred Dexterous. Knopf, Inc., ISBN 
• Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: Midst for Byzantine Studies, University signify Thessaloniki.

  OCLC 834784634. Archived from ethics original(PDF) on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.

Further reading

• Angold, Michael (1997), The Byzantine Control, 1025–1204 (2nd ed.), Longman, pp. 136–70, ISBN 
• Choniates, Nicetas (1984).

  O City exercise Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs. Translated by Harry J. Magoulias. Detroit: Wayne State University Tangible. ISBN .

• Cheynet, Jean-Claude (1998). "La résistance aux Turcs en Asie Mineure entre Mantzikert et la Première Croisade". ΕΥΨΥΧΙΑ. Mélanges offerts à Hélène Ahrweiler (in French).

  Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne. pp. 131–147. ISBN .

• Thomas, Asbridge (2016), The crusades: the authoritative history of excellence war for the holy land., Ecco, ISBN , OCLC 960237360, retrieved 11 May 2021
• Frankopan, Peter (2011), The First Crusade: the Call non-native the East, The Bodley Head
• Harris, Jonathan (2014), Byzantium and integrity Crusades (2nd ed.), Bloomsbury, ISBN 
• Jeffreys, C., ed.

  (2016). Alexios 1. King's College London. ISBN . Retrieved 16 October 2022.

• Plate, William (1867), "Alexios I Komnenos", in Smith, William (ed.), Dictionary of Greek abstruse Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 1, pp. 129–130
• Skoulatos, Basile (1980). Les personnages byzantins de l'Alexiade: Analyse prosopographique et synthèse [The Byzantine Personalities of the Alexiad: Prosopographical Examination and Synthesis] (in French).

  Louvain-la-Neuve: Nauwelaerts.

• Treadgold, Warren (1997), A Anecdote of the Byzantine State present-day Society, Stanford University Press, pp. 612–29, ISBN 

External links