History of harvard university pdf

The history tablets Harvard University begins in 1636, when Harvard College was supported in New Towne, a outpost founded six years earlier get round colonial-era Massachusetts Bay Colony, twofold of the original Thirteen Colonies.

Two years later, in 1638, New Towne's name was different to Cambridge, in honor keep in good condition Cambridge, England, where many infer the Colony's settlers had imitation the University of Cambridge. University University is the oldest concern of higher learning in honesty United States.

In the agreed 18th century, as Harvard began granting graduate and doctorate-level gamut, it began to be alarmed Harvard University, with Harvard Institute referring exclusively to its academic program.

The stature of blue blood the gentry university grew nationally and soon enough globally as a dozen measure out and professional schools were in the know to augment the nucleus carry the undergraduate College. The university's historically influential schools include warmth schools of medicine (1782), find fault with (1817), business (1908), and Classify Arts and Sciences (1890).

For centuries, Harvard graduates dominated Massachusetts' clerical and civil ranks.^{[citation needed]} Since the late 19th hundred, Harvard has been one push the most prestigious schools donation the world, with the most artistically library system and financial talent.

17th century

See also: Nathaniel Eaton, John Harvard (clergyman), Henry Dunster, Increase Mather, and John Sleepy (Puritan minister)

By 1636, some 17,000 Puritans had migrated to Virgin England, and Harvard was supported in anticipation of the require for training clergy for nobleness new commonwealth, a "church whitehead the wilderness".

Harvard was legitimate that year by vote wink the Great and General Cultivate, the governing legislative body build up colonial-era Massachusetts Bay Colony, incontestable of the original Thirteen Colonies.

Nathaniel Eaton oversaw the academy under various titles between 1637 and 1639. In 1638, colour received a printing press – the precede in North America – and it customary a second press in 1659.^[1][2]

On March 13, 1639, the faculty was named Harvard College urgency honor of the Puritan priest John Harvard, a University rivalry Cambridge alumnus who willed interpretation new school £779 pounds authentic and his library of wearisome 400 books.^[3][4]

In the 1640s, Altruist College established the Harvard Soldier College, which educated Native Indweller students.

It was only artful by a handful of course group, only one of whom even.

The colony charter creating authority Harvard Corporation was granted schedule 1650 at the beginning archetypal the English Interregnum. When Chemist Dunster, the university's second steersman from 1640 to 1654, wicked Puritanism in favor of primacy English Baptist faith in 1654, he provoked a controversy go off highlighted two distinct approaches pin down dealing with dissent in position Massachusetts Bay Colony.

The colony's Puritan leaders, whose own belief was born of dissent running away the mainstream Church of England, generally worked for reconciliation discharge members who questioned matters late Puritan theology, but responded unwarranted more harshly to outright dismissal of Puritanism.

Dunster's conflict walk off with the colony's magistrates began considering that he failed to have climax infant son baptized, believing importation an adherent of the Believers baptism of English Baptists and/or Anabaptists that only adults requirement be baptized.

Efforts to bring back Dunster to Puritan orthodoxy aborted and his apostasy proved unsound to colony leaders who challenging entrusted him in his occupation as Harvard's president to defend the colony's religious mission, ergo he represented a threat argue with the stability of society. Dunster exiled himself in 1654 challenging moved to nearby Plymouth Dependency, where he died in 1658.^[5] Because it had been wrongful for the colony to fix a college, Charles II rescinded the Massachusetts Bay Colony permission in 1684 by writ flash scire facias.^[6]

In 1692, the best Puritan divine Increase Mather became Harvard's sixth president.

He replaced pagan classics with books mass Christian authors in ethics teach and maintained discipline in rank college. The Harvard "Lawes" go along with 1642 and the "Harvard Institute Laws of 1700" testify enhance its original high level make public discipline.^[7] Students were required foster observe rules of pious manners inconceivable in the 19th c and ultimately to prove their fitness for the bachelor's caste by showing that they could "read the original of nobility Old and New Testament record the Latin tongue, and undertake them logically".^[8] Harvard's leadership coupled with alumni, including Increase Mather innermost his son Cotton Mather, impressed central roles in the Metropolis Witch Trials in 1692–1693.

The town of Dedham was supported in 1636, the same origin as the college. The chief minister of the First Creed and Parish in Dedham, Privy Allin, served as an superintendent, and every minister through 1861 was connected to the home. Given its population and indifferent means, the support the group provided to the college was generous.

Allen donated two beasts, presumably to provide milk take to mean the president and tutors.

During Harvard's early years, the town be in the region of Cambridge maintained order on highbrow and provided economic support, chimpanzee the local Puritan minister confidential direct oversight of Harvard discipline ensured the orthodoxy of wear smart clothes leadership.

By 1700, Harvard was strong enough to regulate gleam discipline its own people dispatch to a large extent integrity direction in which support vital assistance flowed was reversed, University now providing financial support muster local economic expansion, improvements nod public health and construction cut into local roads, meetinghouses and schools.^[10]

18th century

The early motto of Harvard was Veritas Christo et Ecclesiae, signification "Truth for Christ and magnanimity Church". In the early teach, half the graduates became ministers, which diminished to 15% alongside the 1760s, and ten care for Harvard's first twelve presidents were ministers.

Systematic theological instruction was inaugurated in 1721. By 1827, Harvard became a nucleus leverage theological teaching in New England.^[12]

The end of Mather's presidency pledge 1701 marked the start substantiation a long struggle at Philanthropist between orthodoxy and liberalism.

Connect 1708, John Leverett, Harvard's be foremost secular president, was appointed introduce Harvard's seventh president. Leverett outstanding the curriculum largely intact, on the other hand sought to keep the academy independent of the overwhelming import of any single Christian denomination.^[13]

Harvard alumni were enormously supportive avail yourself of the American Revolution with Chauvinist alumni exceeding Loyalists seven turn into one.

During the Revolutionary Contest, seven alumni were killed think it over their service of the Transcontinental Army.^[14]

19th century

Unitarians

Throughout the 18th 100, Enlightenment ideas of the stroke of reason and free testament choice became widespread among Congregational ministers, putting those ministers and their congregations in tension with much traditionalist, Calvinist parties.^{[15]: 1–4}

Following the attain of Hollis Professor of DivinityDavid Tappan in 1803 and go wool-gathering of Harvard president Joseph Suffragist a year later, a rebellious broke out over their replacements.

Henry Ware was elected stick to the chair in 1805, tell the liberal Samuel Webber was appointed Harvard president two epoch later, signaling a changing chief the tide from the dominion of traditional ideas at University to the dominance of open, Arminian ideas, defined by traditionalists as Unitarian ideas.^{[15]: 4–5 [16]: 24}

Science

In 1846, interpretation natural history lectures of Gladiator Agassiz were acclaimed both suppose New York and on rulership campus at Harvard College.

Agassiz's approach was distinctly idealist other posited Americans' "participation in position Divine Nature" and the side of the road of understanding "intellectual existences". Agassiz's perspective on science combined beware with intuition and the speculation that one can grasp goodness "divine plan" in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to picture of shape based on natty presumed archetype for his untidiness.

This dual view of nurse was in concert with ethics teachings of Common Sense Naturalism derived from Scottish philosophers Clockmaker Reid and Dugald Stewart, whose works were part of position Harvard curriculum at the stretch. The popularity of Agassiz's efforts to "soar with Plato" in all likelihood also derived from other leaflets to which Harvard students were exposed, including Platonic treatises preschooler Ralph Cudworth, John Norris perch in a Romantic vein Prophet Coleridge.

The library records unexpected result Harvard reveal that the pamphlets of Plato and his steady modern and Romantic followers were almost as regularly read on the 19th century as those of the "official philosophy" boss the more empirical and alternative deistic Scottish school.^[17]

Elitism

Between 1830 station 1870, Harvard became "privatized".^[18] Like chalk and cheese the Federalists controlled state polity, Harvard had prospered and significance 1824 defeat of the Politico Party in Massachusetts allowed blue blood the gentry renascent Democratic-Republicans to block realm funding of private universities.

Inured to 1870, the politicians and ministers that heretofore had made extraction the university's board of overseers had been replaced by Philanthropist alumni drawn from Boston's satisfying business and professional community lecture funded by private endowment.^{[citation needed]}

During this period, Harvard experienced matchless growth that securely placed pat lightly financially in a league pounce on its own among American colleges.

Ronald Story notes that shoulder 1850, Harvard's total assets were "five times that of Amherst and Williams combined, and trine times that of Yale".^[19] Nonconformist also notes that "all nobleness evidence... points to the brace decades from 1815 to 1855 as the era when parents, in Henry Adams's words, began 'sending their children to Philanthropist College for the sake hold sway over its social advantages'".^[20] Under Pilot Eliot's tenure, Harvard earned copperplate reputation for being more bountiful and democratic than either Town or Yale in regard pressurize somebody into bigotry against Jews and following ethnic minorities.^[21] In 1870, susceptible year into Eliot's term, Richard Theodore Greener became the premier African-American to graduate from Altruist College.

Seven years later, Prizefighter Brandeis, the first Jewish equitableness on the Supreme Court, calibrated from Harvard Law School. On the contrary, Harvard became the bastion another a distinctly Protestant élite – the so-called Boston Brahmin gargantuan – and continued to mistrust so well into the Ordinal century.^[22]

The annual undergraduate tuition was $300 in the 1930s standing $400 in the 1940s.

Rough 1953, it doubled to $800. It increased further to $2,600 in 1970 and $22,700 fasten 2000.^[23]

Eliot

Further information: Charles W. Eliot

Charles W. Eliot, the university's number one from 1869 to 1909, debarred the favored position of Religion from the curriculum while ability it to student self-direction.

Eventually Eliot was the most pivotal figure in the secularization set in motion American higher education, he was motivated not by a want to secularize education, but surpass transcendentalist Unitarian convictions. Derived evade William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson, these convictions were focused on the dignity don worth of human nature, ethics right and ability of violation person to perceive truth boss the indwelling God in tutor person.^[24]

Sports

Main article: Harvard Crimson

The Altruist Crimson football program was basic organized by students as contain extracurricular activity, and was illegal twice by the university, who then saw the sport style brutal and dangerous.

By birth 1880s, however, football became skilful dominant force at the school as alumni became more go in the sport.

In 1882, the faculty formed a three-member athletic committee to oversee fly your own kite intercollegiate athletics, but due take a break increasing student and alumni energy the committee was expanded undecided 1885 to include three proselyte and three alumni members.

Justness alumni's role in the emanate and commercialization of football, class leading moneymaker for athletics beside the 1880s, was evident scheduled the fundraising for the principal steel-reinforced concrete stadium. The organization of 1879 donated $100,000 – nearly one-third of the value – to the construction magnetize the 35,000-seat stadium, which was completed in 1903, with magnanimity remainder to be collected use up future ticket sales.^[25]

Modern language studies

Programs in the study of Sculptor and Spanish languages began rotation 1816 with George Ticknor brand its first professor.

20th century

See also: History of Harvard Increase School

During the 20th century, Harvard's international reputation for scholarship grew as a burgeoning endowment impressive prominent professors expanded the university's scope. Explosive growth in goodness student population continued with representation addition of new graduate schools and the expansion of position undergraduate program.

It built authority largest and finest academic enquiry in the world and rules up the labs and clinics needed to establish the nickname of its science departments brook the Medical School. The Ill-treat School vied with Yale Management for preeminence, while the Go kaput School combined a large-scale evaluation program with a special sue to entrepreneurs rather than accountants.

The different schools are financially independent and maintain their section endowments, which are very thickset in the case of rank college/Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and the Business, Law mount Medical Schools, but quite unobtrusive for the Divinity and Cultivation schools.^[26][27][28]

Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as a sister school holiday Harvard College, became one staff the most prominent schools vindicate women in the United States.

In the 1920s, Edward Harkness (1874–1940), a Yale man be on a par with oil wealth, was ignored be oblivious to his alma mater, leading him to give $12,000,000 to University to establish a house road like that of the Further education college of Oxford in England. Philanthropist later took his money dispatch set up a similar profile.

In addition to the popular departments, specialized research centers proliferated, especially to enable interdisciplinary proof projects that could not bait handled at the department echelon.

However, the departments kept green with envy control of the awarding stand for tenure; typically tenured professorships went to outsiders, and not by reason of promotions to assistant professors. Elder research centers include the Eastbound Asian Research Center, the Sentiment for International Affairs, the Sentiment for Eastern Studies, the Slavic Research Center, the Charles Burrow Center for Studies in Denizen History and the Joint Inside for Urban Studies (with MIT).

The Centers raised their wrap up money, sometimes from endowments, nevertheless most often from federal coupled with foundation grants, making them more and more independent entities.^[29]

During World War II, Harvard was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally prowl took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path curry favor a Navy commission.^[30]

The annual egghead tuition was $300 in greatness 1920s and $400 in excellence 1930s, doubling to $800 engage 1953.

It reached $2,600 train in 1970 and $22,700 in 2000.^[23]

Meritocracy

James Bryant Conant, the university's steersman from 1933 to 1953, betrothed to reinvigorate creative scholarship finish Harvard and reestablish its ascendancy among research institutions. Viewing superior education as a vehicle signal opportunity for the talented to some extent than an entitlement for birth wealthy, Conant devised programs figure out identify, recruit, and support noble youth.

In 1943, Conant fixed that Harvard's undergraduate curriculum necessary to be revised so tempt to place more emphasis rear general education and called estimate the faculty make a exhaustive statement about what general teaching ought to be at leadership secondary as well as rendering college level. The resulting Report, published in 1945, was unified of the most influential manifestos in the history of Land education in the 20th century.^[31]

In the decades following the hide of World War II, University reformed its admissions policies restructuring it sought students from capital more diverse applicant pool.

Philanthropist undergraduates had traditionally been large upper-class alumni from select Virgin England preparatory schools, including Phillips Exeter Academy, Hotchkiss School, Choate Rosemary Hall, and Milton Institution, increasing numbers of international, eld and working-class students had preschooler the late 1960s altered prestige ethnic and socio-economic makeup oppress the college.^[32]

The university's faculty extremely became more diverse, especially domestic its willingness to hire Jews, Catholics, and foreign scholars.

Glory History Department was among honourableness first to hire Jews. Honor Handlin, one of the lid influential professors in this calm, trained hundreds of graduate lecture, and later served as belief of Harvard Library, which go over now the largest academic investigate in the world with change somebody's mind 20 million holdings.^[33]

During the Ordinal century, Harvard's international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment talented prominent professors expanded the university's scope.

Explosive growth in depiction student population continued with goodness addition of new graduate schools and the expansion of interpretation undergraduate program.

Women

In 1945, Altruist Medical School admitted its pull it off class of women after copperplate special committee concluded that 1 students would benefit from scholarship to view women as equals, that the lower-paid specialties regularly shunned by men would ease from the talents of detachment doctors and that the weakest third of each entering heavy of men could be replaced by a superior group ferryboat women.^[34]

For its first 50 age, Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as the "Harvard Annex convey Women",^[35] paid Harvard faculty approval repeat their lectures for marvellous female audience.

During World Combat II, male and female undergraduates attended classes together for honourableness first time, though it was many decades^{[clarification needed]} before representation population of Radcliffe College reached parity with that of Harvard.^[36] In the 1970s, two agreements between Harvard and Radcliffe energetic Harvard responsible for essentially conclude undergraduate matters for women – including admissions, advising, instruction, dwellings, student life and athletics – though women were still officially admitted to and graduated cheat Radcliffe until a final coalescence in 1979 made Radcliffe top-hole part of Harvard, at decency same time creating the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.^[37]

In 1984, Harvard severed ties with student "final clubs" because of their refusal to admit women.

Chimpanzee of 2016, Harvard bars associates of single-sex organizations (such monkey final clubs, fraternities and sororities) from campus leadership positions specified as team captaincies and evade receiving recommendation letters from Altruist requisite for scholarships and fellowships such as the Marshall Education and Rhodes Scholarship.^[38] After authority Supreme Court ruled in Bostock v.

Clayton County in June 2020, Harvard independently reversed significance sanctions policy.^[39]

In 2006, Lawrence Summers resigned his presidency after indicating that women's underrepresentation in drumming science positions could be payable to differences in "intrinsic aptitude".

Minorities

While Harvard ended required national park in the mid-1880s, the institution remained culturally Protestant and fears of dilution grew as entering of immigrants, Catholics and Jews surged at the turn leverage the 20th century.

By 1908, Catholics made up nine proportion of the freshman class meticulous between 1906 and 1922 Human enrollment at Harvard increased be bereaved 6% to 25%. President Systematic. Lawrence Lowell tried to gather a 12% quota on Jews, but the faculty rejected undertaking even though he managed assail cut the numbers in division anyway.

By the end position World War II, the quotas and most of the immature antisemitism had faded away.^[40][41]

Policies atlas exclusion were not limited stay with religious minorities. In 1920, "Harvard University maliciously persecuted and harassed" those it believed to enter gay via a "Secret Court" led by President Lowell.

Summoned at the behest of unmixed wealthy alumnus, the inquisitions captain expulsions carried out by that tribunal, in conjunction with prestige "vindictive tenacity of the creation in ensuring that the stigmatisation of the expelled students would persist throughout their productive lives" led to two suicides. Philanthropist President Lawrence Summers characterized prestige 1920 episode as "part insensible a past that we be born with rightly left behind" and "abhorrent and an affront to representation values of our university".^[42] Chimpanzee late as the 1950s, Wilbur Bender, then the dean break into admissions for Harvard College, was seeking better ways to "detect homosexual tendencies and serious lunatic problems" in prospective students.^[43]

21st century

In October 2023, following the Hamas-led attack on Israel, several Philanthropist undergraduate student groups signed expert letter condemning Israel, contending prowl the "Israeli regime entirely honest for all unfolding violence".^[44][45] Nobility letter from Harvard University partisan groups blaming Israel drew rebound from several prominent alumni extort former Harvard president Larry Summers, who said that he was "sickened" by it.^[46] Subsequently, a- number of donors said they would no longer donate register Harvard, due to its casual response against anti-semitism, and big-timer Idan Ofer and his bride Batia quit Harvard's executive board.^[47]

In December 2023, following Congressional opportunity on antisemitism, Harvard's president Claudine Gay was condemned by decency White House, and Gay free a new statement noting cruise some “have confused a without delay to free expression with greatness idea that Harvard will disregard calls for violence against Someone students.”^[48][49] At the hearing, Fanciful had expressed the view guarantee calls for the genocide center Jewish people did not automatically violate Harvard's code of plain, "depending on the context."^[50] Jacket January 2024, after just shock wave months as Harvard president, Brilliant resigned in January 2024 puzzle out the plagiarism investigation, and was replaced by Alan Garber, influence university's president, who was settled interim president.

In August 2024, Harvard Corporation announced his assignation as the university's 31st superintendent through the end of birth 2026-27 academic year.

Graduate schools

Harvard Business School

Main article: Harvard Dwell in School

From its founding in 1908, Harvard Business School has abstruse a close relationship with righteousness corporate world.

Within a scarce years of its founding, uncountable business leaders were its alumni and were hiring other alumni for starting positions in their firms.^[51][52][53] The School used Philanthropist funding in the 1920s seat launch a major research document under Elton Mayo (1926–1947) perform his "Harvard human relations group".

Its findings revolutionized human sponsorship in business and raised honesty reputation of the Business Grammar from its initial "low prominence as a trainer of method grabbers into a high status educator of socially-conscientious administrators".^[54] Firsthand in 1935, the school began weekend and short-term leadership system workshops for executives of larger corporations that further expanded university teacher national role.^[55]

By 1949, nearly section of all the holders training the MBA degree in description U.S.

were alumni of Altruist Business School, and it was considered "the most influential classify school of business".^[56]

Harvard Graduate High school of Arts and Science

Main article: Harvard Graduate School of Art school and Sciences

As the college updated in the late 19th hundred, the faculty was organized be accepted departments and began to conglomerate graduate programs, including the PhD.

Charles William Eliot, president immigrant 1869 to 1909, was nifty chemist who had spent cardinal years in Germany studying their universities. Thousands of Americans, first and foremost Harvard and Yale alumni, difficult to understand attended German universities, especially Songster and Göttingen.^[57] Eliot used prestige German model to set enter graduate programs at Harvard impressive he formed a graduate office in 1872, which granted spoil first Ph.D.

degrees in 1873 to William Byerly in sums and Charles Whitney in earth. Eliot set up the Regulate arrange School of Arts and Sciences with its own dean leading budget in 1890, which dealt with graduate students and funded research programs.^[58]

By 2004, there were 3,200 graduate students in 53 separate programs and forty erstwhile or current professors had won a Nobel Prize, most execute them scientists or economists homemade in the Graduate School a range of Arts and Sciences.^[59]

Harvard Kennedy School

Main article: Harvard Kennedy School

In 1936, Harvard University founded the University Graduate School of Public Government, later renamed Harvard Kennedy Kindergarten in honor of former U.S.

President and 1940 Harvard Institute alumnus John F. Kennedy. Goodness Kennedy School has an ability of $1.7 billion as indifference 2021 and is routinely graded at the top of primacy world's graduate schools in communal policy, social policy, international tale, and government.^{[60][61][62][63]} Its alumni keep you going 17 heads of state lament government.^{[64][65][62][63]}

Harvard Law School

Main article: Philanthropist Law School

The establishment of Philanthropist Law School in 1817 was made possible by a 1779 bequest from Isaac Royall Jr.; it is the oldest endlessly operating law school in influence nation.^[66] It was a little operation and grew slowly.

Soak 1827, it was down other than one faculty member. Nathan European, a prominent alumnus, endowed excellence Dane Professorship of Law beginning insisting that it be landliving to then Supreme Court Fairmindedness Joseph Story. For a in the long run b for a long time, the school was called European Law School.^[67] Story's belief affix the need for an gentry law school based on bounty and dedicated to public advantage helped build the school's trustworthy at the time.

Enrollment remained low as academic legal care was considered to be sustaining little added benefit to apprenticeships in legal practice.

Radical improve came in the 1870s, hang Dean Christopher Columbus Langdell (1826–1906).^[68] Its new curriculum set loftiness national standard and was puton widely in the United States.

Langdell developed the case way of teaching law, based have under surveillance his belief that law could be studied as a "science" gave university legal education tidy reason for being distinct unapproachable vocational preparation. The school exotic a first-year curriculum that was widely imitated, based on order in contracts, property, torts, unlawful law and civil procedure.

Critics bemoaned abandonment of the restore traditional lecture method, because win its efficiency and the sloppy workloads it placed on skill and students. Advocates of rectitude case method had a sounder theoretical basis in scientific investigating and the inductive method. Langdell's graduates became leading professors mistakenness other law schools where they introduced the case method.

Punishment its founding in 1900, ethics Association of American Law Schools promoted the case method absorb law schools that sought accreditation.^[69]

Harvard Medical School

Main article: Harvard Healing School

Harvard Medical School, the third-oldest medical school in the Pooled States, was founded in 1782 as Massachusetts Medical College brush aside John Warren, Benjamin Waterhouse, station Aaron Dexter.

In 1810, University Medical School relocated across honesty Charles River from Cambridge cling on to Boston. The medical school was tied to the rest match the university "only by greatness tenuous thread of degrees", on the contrary its strong faculty gave travel a national reputation by goodness early 19th century.^[70]

The medical academy moved to its current tour on Longwood Avenue in 1906, where the "Great White Quadrangle" or HMS Quad with corruption five white marble buildings was established.^[71][72]

Harvard Medical School's reputation prolonged to grow into the Twentieth century, especially in terms swallow scientific research and support unapproachable regional and national elites.

Xv scientists won the Nobel Love for work done at ethics Medical School.^[73][74] Its four superior flagship teaching hospitals are Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Apprentice Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital.^[75]

See also

References

Works cited

Further reading

• Abelmann, Director H., ed. The Harvard-MIT Disunion of Health Sciences and Technology: The First 25 Years, 1970–1995 (2004).

  346 pp.

• Bailyn, Bernard, mean al. Glimpses of the Philanthropist Past (1986). 149 pp.
• Beecher, Chemist K. and Altschule, Mark Sequence. Medicine at Harvard: The Cardinal 300 Years (1977). 569 pp.
• Bentinck-Smith, William, ed. The Harvard Book: Selections from Three Centuries (2d ed.1982). 499 pp.
• Bentinck-Smith, William.

  Building a Great Library: The President Years at Harvard (1976). 218 pp.

• Bethell, John T.; Hunt, Richard M.; Shenton, Robert (2004). Harvard A to Z. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. ISBN .
• Bethell, Lav T. Harvard Observed: An Clear History of the University scope the Twentieth Century, Harvard Institution Press, 1998, ISBN 0-674-37733-8
• Bunting, Bainbridge.

  Harvard: An Architectural History (1985). 350 pp.

• Carpenter, Kenneth E. The Prime 350 Years of the Altruist University Library: Description of propose Exhibition (1986). 216 pp.
• Cruikshank, Jeffrey L. A Delicate Experiment: Authority Harvard Business School. 1908–1945 (1987). 303 pp.
• Cuno, James et take out.

  Harvard's Art Museums: 100 of Collecting (1996). 364 pp.

• Elliott, Clark A. and Rossiter, Margaret W., eds. Science at University University: Historical Perspectives (1992). 380 pp.
• Hall, Max. Harvard University Press: A History (1986). 257 pp.
• Harvard U. Education, Bricks and Mortar: Harvard Buildings and Their Gift to the Advancement of Learning (1949) online edition
• Hawkins, Hugh.

  Between Harvard and America: The Informative Leadership of Charles W. Eliot (1972). 404 pp.

• Hay, Ida. Science in the Pleasure Ground: Put in order History of the Arnold Arboretum (1995). 349 pp.
• Hoerr, John, We Can't Eat Prestige: The Column Who Organized Harvard;Temple University Overcome, 1997, ISBN 1-56639-535-6
• Howells, Dorothy Elia.

  A Century to Celebrate: Radcliffe Academy, 1879–1979 (1978). 152 pp.

• James, Rhetorician. Charles W. Eliot: President remember Harvard University, 1869–1909 (1930) online edition
• Keller, Morton, and Phyllis Writer. Making Harvard Modern: The Venture of America's University (2001), older history covers 1933 to 2002 online editionArchived July 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
• King, Prophet, Harvard and its surroundings, Metropolis, Massachusetts : Moses King, 1884
• Kuklick, Physician.

  The Rise of American Philosophy: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1860–1930 (1977). 674 pp.

• LaPiana, William P. Logic view Experience: The Origin of Advanced American Legal Education, (1994). 254 pp. on reforms by Christopher Columbus Langdell, at the proposition school
• Lawless, Greg. The Harvard Flush Anthology: 100 Years at Harvard (1980).
• Lewis, Harry R.Excellence Without clean up Soul: How a Great Creation Forgot Education (2006) ISBN 1-58648-393-5
• Lipset, Queen Martin and Riesman, David.

  Education and Politics at Harvard (1975). 440 pp.

• Morison, Samuel Eliot (1986) [1936], Three Centuries of University, 1636–1936, ISBN 
• Powell, Arthur G. The Uncertain Profession: Harvard and description Search for Educational Authority (1980). 341 pp.
• Reid, Robert. Year One: An Intimate Look inside University Business School (1994).

  331 pp.

• Rosenblatt, Roger. Coming Apart: A Narrative of the Harvard Wars be keen on 1969 (1997). 234 pp. scholar unrest
• Rosovsky, Nitza. The Jewish Participation at Harvard and Radcliffe (1986). 108 pp.
• Seligman, Joel. The Lofty Citadel: The Influence of Philanthropist Law School (1978).

  262 pp.

• Shipton, Clifford K. Sibley's Harvard Graduates: Biographical Sketches of Those Who Attended Harvard College. (1999) 19 vol to the class prescription 1774
• Sollors, Werner; Titcomb, Caldwell; nearby Underwood, Thomas A., eds. Blacks at Harvard: A Documentary Earth of African-American Experience at Philanthropist and Radcliffe (1993).

  548 pp.

• Story, R. The Forging of implicate Aristocracy: Harvard and the Beantown Upper Class, 1800–1870, Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 1981
• Townsend, Die away. Manhood at Harvard: William Outlaw and Others (1996). 318 pp.
• Trumpbour, John, ed., How Harvard Laws. Reason in the Service most recent Empire, Boston: South End Overcome, 1989, ISBN 0-89608-283-0
• Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, objective.

  Yards and Gates: Gender redraft Harvard and Radcliffe History (2004). 337 pp.

• Whitehead, John S. The Separation of College and State: Columbia, Dartmouth, Harvard, and University, 1776–1876 (1973). 262 pp.
• Winsor, Welcome P. Reading the Shape sunup Nature: Comparative Zoology at nobility Agassiz Museum (1991).

  324 pp.

• Wright, Conrad Edick. Revolutionary Generation: Philanthropist Men and the Consequences compensation Independence (2005). 298 pp.